OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. 



605 



tre39 of iho laboring classes. He became im- 

 pressed with the idea of co-operation as a 

 means of rescuing the small tradesmen from 

 the difficulty of their situation, owing to the 

 development of manufacturing on a large scale. 

 He organized the shoemakers of his own town 

 into a co-operative association for the purchase 

 of their raw material. Before he could develop 

 his schemes further, he had to sustain a prose- 

 cution for sedition, as one of the authors of a 

 resolution to refuse to pay taxes, as a protest 

 against the arbitrary acts of the Government. 

 He was acquitted in 1850, and resigned from 

 the magistracy soon afterward, in order to de- 

 vote himself to the establishment of associa- 

 tions to secure to mechanics the advantages of 

 the wholesale market in the purchase of raw 

 and partly manufactured materials, the neces- 

 saries of "life, and all articles of regular con- 

 sumption, and also better credit facilities. Cap- 

 ital was advanced to them on moderate terms, 

 by means of co-operative credit associations, 

 which served also as . savings - banks. These 

 banks, established on the principle of joint lia- 

 bility for debts, attracted a great deal of out- 

 side capital. Between 1860 and 1876 Schulze 

 wrote numerous popular tracts in defense of 

 the co-operative idea. Lassalle entered the field 

 at the same time as the champion of " state- 

 help," in opposition to " self-help," as exempli- 

 fied in Schulze's system of co-operation. Ger- 

 many resounded with their controversy. Al- 

 though Schulze was no match in wit, eloquence, 

 or dialectic power for his brilliant adversary, he 

 represented the popular thought of the day, 

 formed under the influence of Bastiat's capti- 

 vating arguments of the harmony of interests 

 between capital and labor. His co-operative 

 stores and banks were organized on sound busi- 

 ness principles. They supplied a practical 

 want, and developed into an institution of such 

 colossal proportions and beneficent workings 

 as to justify the impression that they presented 

 the ultimate solution of the social problem. 

 Schulze was the permanent attorney and chief 

 organizer and guide of the co-operative unions. 

 He was elected in 1861 to the Prussian House 

 of Deputies from Berlin, and from 1874 till his 

 death represented Wiesbaden in the Reichstag, 

 attaching himself to the Progressive party, and 

 taking a prominent part in politics. 



Spottiswoode, William, an English scientist, 

 died in London, June 27, 1883. He was born 

 there, Jan. 11, 1825. His father was the 

 head of the printing establishment over which 

 he himself presided after he was graduated 

 at Oxford in 1847. He was an accom- 

 plished mathematician and Oriental scholar. 

 In 1856 he made a journey in Eastern Russia, 

 of which he published an account. He pub- 

 lished, also, a great number of papers on math- 

 ematical subjects, and originated new methods 

 of value. He contributed to physical science 

 researches in the polarization of light, and cer- 

 tain forms of electric discharge. He was Presi- 

 dent of the Royal Society. 



Suleiman Bey Sami, an Egyptian soldier, exe- 

 cuted at Alexandria, June 9, 1883, on the 

 sentence of a court-martial, which convicted 

 him of having taken a prominent part in the 

 burning of the city after it was evacuated by 

 Arabi. He was the son of Daoud Pasha, a 

 Circassian of high birth, by an Egyptian moth- 

 er. He was born about 1848, passed through 

 the Polytechnic School at Cairo, and entered 

 the army at an early age, rising by rapid pro- 

 motion to the grade of major. He served un- 

 der Prince Hassan in the Russian War of 1878. 

 He sympathized with the national movement, 

 and was appointed by Arabi to the command 

 of a regiment early in 1882. His regiment was 

 quartered at Alexandria, and suppressed the 

 riot on June 11, 1882. He served with his regi- 

 ment in the defense of the town during the 

 bombardment, and after the evacuation he 

 joined Toulba Pasha at Kafrdawar. After the 

 surrender of Cairo he fled to Crete, and was 

 arrested and delivered up by the Turkish au- 

 thorities on the representations of the Egyptian 

 Government. 



Suleiman Pasha, a Turkish general, died in 

 April, 1883. Having rendered services in the 

 Herzegovinian insurrection and Servian war, 

 he was placed in command of the Army of the 

 Balkans. In defending the Shipka Pass and 

 in the battle of Plevna he showed the highest 

 qualities of generalship, but he was obliged to 

 fall back on the Dardanelles when unable to 

 block the advance of Gen. Gurko from Sophia. 

 After the war he was sacrificed to the wounded 

 patriotism of his countrymen, being tried for 

 treason, and banished to Bagdad. 



Tn Due, Emperor of Anam, died Aug. 8, 

 1883, at the age of fifty -four years. He was a 

 younger son of Treni-Tri, of the Nguyen dy- 

 nasty, who nominated him his successor in- 

 stead of his eldest son, Hoang-Bao. The latter 

 revolted when Tu Due ascended the throne at 

 the age of nineteen, but was conquered and 

 thrown into a dungeon, where he hanged him- 

 self. Tu Due was the enemy of Europeans. 

 He refused to allow the French envoy to land 

 in 1856, and the following year he put to death 

 the Spanish missionary, Bishop Diaz. The two 

 countries sent an expedition under Admiral Ri- 

 gault de Genouilly which captured the forts of 

 Turan in August, 1 858, and four months after- 

 ward attacked Saigon. Admiral Charner in 

 1862 forced him to sign the treaty of Saigon. 

 Tu Due sent an embassy to Paris offering an 

 indemnity of $40,000,000, on condition of the 

 evacuation of the country. The amount was 

 reduced to $20,000,000, but France retained a 

 protectorate over the conquered provinces, 

 kept Saigon, and compelled the Emperor to 

 throw open three ports on the Cochin-China' 

 coast. Tu Due encouraged the Black Flugs in 

 their reprisals on the French, which led to the 

 expedition of 1873, in which Francis Gamier 

 met his death, and to the war in Tonquin. 



Viardot, Louis, a French author, died in Paris, 

 May 5, 1883. He was born in Dijon, July 81, 



