610 



ONTARIO. 



near Lake Huron. Very profitable iron-mines 

 are being worked all through the northern por- 

 tion of the southern peninsula, in Victoria, Pe- 

 terboro, Hastings, Frontenac, and Lanark coun- 

 ties. Copper and silver mines are in success- 

 ful operation on the shores of Lakes Huron and 

 Superior, and fine building and limestone quar- 

 ries exist throughout the province. 



Cities. The following are the cities of Onta- 

 rio, with their population in round numbers : 

 Toronto (exclusive of Yorkville), 96,000 ; Ham- 

 ilton, 36,000; Ottawa, 27,000; London, 20,- 

 000; Kingston, 15,000; Guelph, 10,000; St. 

 Catharine's, 10,000; Brantford, 10,000; Belle- 

 ville, 10,000; St. Thomas, 10,000. 



Commerce* The chief trade is with the Uni- 

 ted States. Large quantities of grain reach 

 Collingwood, Midland, and Parry Sound, on 

 Georgian Bay, from Chicago, Milwaukee, and 

 other American ports, to be transported to the 

 lumber-shanties, or to pass to Toronto, Port 

 Hope, or Belleville by rail, and thence to 

 Europe by Montreal and the river St. Law- 

 rence. 



Industries* During the year ending June 30, 

 1882, the exports of agricultural products of 

 Ontario were valued at $19,416,299. Of this 

 amount all but $73,115 was the product of the 

 province. Under the name " grazing," or 

 " animals and their produce," the exports of the 

 growth of Ontario were $7,506,888, of which 

 $3,250,762 went to Great Britain, $4,214,329 

 to the United States, and the rest to Germany, 

 the West Indies, etc. Of the agricultural prod- 

 ucts, $9,872,432 is barley, every bushel of 

 which went to the United States; $2,320,198 

 is wheat; $1,519,748 is flour of. wheat ; $1,108,- 

 401 is malt, all to the United States ; $862,296 

 is rye, of which $815,703 went to the United 

 States ; $724,753 is potatoes, all to the United 

 States; $833,794 is peas, nearly all to the 

 United States; seeds, $883,126 ; hay, $176,390 ; 

 and beans, $158,798, were all shipped to the 

 American market ; oats, $221,924. 



Lumbering, including timber in all forms, 

 constitutes the second industry, both in respect 

 to value of exports and also with regard to the 

 number of persons employed. The exports 

 are chiefly of pine. Under the heading " The 

 Forest," the figures show an export of Ontario 

 produce, amounting to $8,015,485, of which 

 $8,009,934 went to the United States. 



Manufacturing is in its infancy in Ontario, 

 but the high protective tariff which came into 

 operation in Canada in 1878-'79 has done much 

 to turn the attention of capitalists to manufac- 

 tures. The exports are small, but it must be 

 considered that under a high protective tariff 

 the home market is to a large extent con- 

 trolled by the home manufacturer. For the 

 year taken for illustration, the exports under 

 this heading were $1,106,804 of actual Ontario 

 manufacture. Of this, $238,775 were to Great 

 Britain, and $715,051 to the United States. 



Mining products were exported to the 

 amount of $240,001 all to the United States. 



These exports were chiefly iron and silver ores 

 phosphates, and salt. 



The export product of the Ontario fisheries 

 was $158,706, of which $157,528 went to the 

 American market. 



The total value of the export trade of Onta- 

 rio reaches $37,087,901. That there is a close 

 union, commercially as well as socially, between 

 this province and the States of the American 

 Union along the lakes, is forcibly demonstrat- 

 ed by the fact that over $29,000,000 of this 

 amount went to the United States. 



Education. The system of education in Onta- 

 rio is very thorough, and its organization and 

 administration are systematic and complete. 

 The Education Department controls the pub- 

 lic separate, and high schools of the province. 

 The Education Department was presided over 

 by a Chief Superintendent of Education until 

 February, 1876, when a Minister of Education 

 was appointed, who is a member of the Execu- 

 tive Council of the province, and is responsi- 

 ble to the Legislative Assembly. The several 

 classes of schools form a complete series of 

 progressive steps, from the primary school to 

 the university, all under the control of the 

 Government. The immediate management in 

 school matters is vested in local boards. 



The school funds are obtained from three 

 sources : 1. An annual grant from the Govern- 

 ment of $250,000. 2. County rates, $800,000. 

 3. Local rates and funds, about $2,500,000. 



The school population (comprising only chil- 

 dren between the ages of five and sixteen years) 

 in 1880 was 494,424, and the school attend- 

 ance in the same year was 487,012. There are 

 in the province 5,195 public schools, in which 

 6,747 teachers are employed. The average 

 salaries paid in 1880 to public-school teachers 



There are two normal schools in the prov- 

 ince, conducted by the Education Department, 

 one at Toronto and one at Ottawa. 



There are one hundred and five high-schools 

 in the province, and the annual expenditure 

 in connection with them is about $425,000, of 

 which sum the Government contributes by 

 legislative grant about $85,000. 



Where there are a sufficient number of Ro- 

 man Catholics in a section or municipality to 

 support a separate school, they are allowed to 

 pay their local school rates for the support of 

 such a school. There are over two hundred 

 separate schools in Ontario. 



The University of Toronto was established 

 by royal charter in 1828, and endowed with a 

 grant of public lands. The annual income from 

 this endowment is nearly $60,000. The insti- 

 tution was inaugurated in 1843. The building 

 is the finest single college-building in America. 



Upper Canada College is in Toronto. It 



