630 



PHARMACY. 



and the object is still some hundred miles from 

 attainment. (See ENGINEERING, page 317.) 



Telegraphs. There was a total length of wire 

 in 1878 of 1,393 miles. The service was car- 

 ried on by thirty-four offices, dispatching 94,- 

 214 private and 16,455 Government messages. 



Commerce. The exports from Peru to the 

 United States during the fiscal year 1882 

 amounted to $3,034,476, including 20,522 tons 

 of guano and 114,176,044 pounds of nitrate of 

 soda, against $2,526,918 in 1883, including 

 102,394,360 pounds of nitrate and no guano. 

 The export of domestic goods from the United 

 States to Peru was $533,823 in 1882, and $487,- 

 360 wortn in 1883. 



PHARMACY. The art of preparing and dis- 

 pensing remedies, occupying a position be- 

 tween chemistry on one side and medicine on 

 the other, has developed in recent years to 

 such an extent that it now claims a position 

 among the sciences. Special schools for it are 

 found in many of our cities ; large organizations, 

 both scientific and trade, protect its interests ; 

 the preparation of pharmaceutical compounds 

 has become an important constituent of our 

 manufacturing industries; and special legisla- 

 tive measures govern the dispensing of medi- 

 cines and poisons. Pharmaceutical literature is 

 large and rapidly increasing. 



Colleges. There are fourteen institutions de- 

 voted to the education of pharmacists in this 

 country. The Michigan School of Pharmacy 

 was organized in 1867 as a professional depart- 

 ment of the State University at Ann Arbor. 

 The course of study at this school occupies two 

 years, during which instruction is given in the 

 various branches of analytical chemistry, phar- 

 macy, materia medica, etc., with laboratory 

 work of four or five hours daily. A three 

 years' course is optional. The degree con- 

 ferred is that of Pharmaceutical Chemist 

 (Ph. C.). This school, although offering the 

 most thorough courses of study, and requiring 

 the highest qualifications, does not insist on 

 previous practical experience in pharmacy, and 

 therefore is not classed with the so-called 

 " teaching-colleges of pharmacy, 1 ' whose diplo- 

 mas, conferring the degree of Graduate in 

 Pharmacy (Ph. G.), are granted only to such 

 students as have had four (or "several") years 

 of actual experience in a drug-store, in addi- 

 tion to attending the prescribed course of the 

 college. The following are the recognized 

 "teaching-colleges " of pharmacy : 



Albany College of Pharmacy, established as a de- 

 partment of pharmacy of Union University, at Al- 

 bany, June 21, 1881, and incorporated as the Albany 

 College of Pharmacy, August 27th of the same year. 



California College of Pharmacy, established in 1873 

 as a department of pharmacy at the University of Cali- 

 fornia. It is in San Francisco. 



Chicago College of Pharmacy, established in 1866. 



Cincinnati College of Pharmacy, established in 

 1871. 



Louisville College of Pharmacy, established in 1871. 



Maryland College of Pharmacy, instituted in 1841, 

 at Baltimore. 



Massachusetts College of Pharmacy, Boston, Mass., 



Alabama 1882 



Arkansas 1883 



California 



Connecticut 



Georgia 



Illinois 



Indiana 



Iowa 



Kansas 



Kentucky 



instituted in February, 1823 ; reorganized in April, 

 1881, and incorporated in April, 1882. 



Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, organized in 

 1821, received its charter from the State in"l822. 



Pittsburg College of Pharmacy, organized in Au- 

 gust, 1878, received its charter during the same year. 



St. Louis College of Pharmacy, established in 1865. 



National College of Pharmacy, established in 1871, 

 in Washington, D, C. This institution confers the 

 degree of Doctor of Pharmacy (Phar. D.). 



Louisville School of Pharmacy for Women, at Lou- 

 isville, Ky., established in 1883. 



Department of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 

 Madison, established in 1883. 



There are two Canadian schools of pharmacy : the 

 Montreal College of Pharmacy, in its' sixteenth year ; 

 and the Ontario College of Pharmacy, established in 

 1883. 



Pharmaceutical Associations. The American 

 Pharmaceutical Association, organized in 1852, 

 has a large and increasing membership (about 

 1,400). It has members from all parts of the 

 country, and holds annual meetings in Septem- 

 ber at some city previously selected. The fol- 

 lowing is a list of the State Associations, with 

 the date of their organization : 



Missouri 1878 



New Hampshire 1873 



1869 New Jersey 1870 



1876 New York Ib79 



1S75 North Carolina 1680 



1880 I Ohio 1879 



1882 | Pennsylvania 1878 



1880 | Ehode Island 1874 



1880 I South Carolina 1876 



f _ 1878 ! Texas 1880 



Louisiana 1882 1 Vermont 



Maryland 1883 I Virginia 1862 



Massachusetts 1882 West Virginia 1881 



Michigan.... 1883 Wisconsin 1860 



Mississippi 18831 



These associations convene annually. Their 

 exercises consist of reports of committees on 

 questions of scientific or trade interest, and 

 the reading of papers treating of subjects per- 

 taining to pharmacy, with discussion thereon. 



Trade Organizations. The most important of 

 these is the National Wholesale Drug Associ- 

 ation, which was established in 1875 as the 

 Western Wholesale Drug Association, and in 

 1882 became the National Association. Its 

 principal object is the correction of excessive 

 and unmercantile competition, and the remo- 

 val, by concert of action, of all evils and cus- 

 toms that are against good policy and sound 

 business principles. Its membership includes 

 representatives of nearly all the important 

 houses dealing in drugs in this country. In 

 September, 1883, was organized at Washing- 

 ton, D. C., the National Retail Druggists' 

 Association. This is for the protection of the 

 business interests of the retail trade, and to 

 devise measures for the prevention of disas- 

 trous competitions. It is hoped that a uniform 

 schedule of prices may be established, so as 

 to break up the prevalent u cutting " of rates. 

 There are also several local societies. 



Pharmaceutical Legislation. The rush of un- 

 qualified persons into the drug business has 

 made apparent the necessity of restricting the 

 practice of pharmacy by law to those who are 

 qualified. To ascertain the qualification of ap- 



