

PORCELAIN. 



uired by more than twenty years of ardu- 

 ous toil, was freely expended, and the result, 

 after twenty years of hard work, has been a 

 great success. After two years of experiment, 

 and many disheartening failures, he succeeded, 

 in 1865, in placing upon the market a plain 

 white ware, while he continued his manufac- 

 ture of articles of porcelain hardware, which at 

 first brought him some profit, when everything 

 else involved loss. In 1866 he began to deco- 

 rate his wares, employing one English and 

 one German artist. His first attempts in this 

 line were not a pronounced success; but he 

 avoided the too common error of copying for- 

 eign designs. All his designs and decorations 

 are original, and this is true also, so far as pos- 

 sible, of the forms of his wares. 



We give illustrations of one of the vases 

 and a few of the plaques and plates made at 

 these works. Fig. 1, u The Century Vase," 

 was made for the Centennial Exposition. The 

 engraving gives only one side, and but a par- 

 tial view of its symbolic designs, which com- 

 pass the century's history. Fig. 2 is a plate 

 with the design of a windmill, painted by Mr. 

 J. M. Falconer. Figs. 3 and 4 are more char- 

 acteristic of the Greenpoint Porcelain Works, 

 the designs being from actual flowers, and made 



PIG. 4. 



by their own artists. The Union Porcelain 

 Works now cover about two acres, and each 

 year new buildings and now kilns are required. 

 They employ more than 200 hands, and pay 

 very liberal wages. The other fine pottery- 

 wares made in this country are not easily clas- 

 sified. In the number of its pottery establish- 

 ments, of all sorts, Ohio exceeds any other 

 State, reporting, in the census of 1880, 179 

 manufactories of earthen and stone ware;* 

 but New Jersey, which had but 49 potteries, 

 exceeded it in the value of its product by near- 

 ly $500,000. The best products of the Tren- 

 ton (N. J.), Cincinnati and East Liverpool (O.), 

 and Chelsea, East Boston, and Cambridge 

 (Mass.) potteries demand some notice. Of these 



* By this term the Census-Office designates all kinds of 

 pottery, from the rudest, unglazed flower-pot to the finest 

 decorated porcelain vase. 



PORK, PROHIBITION OF. 643 



fifty or sixty establishments, the greater part 

 manufacture what is known as white granite- 

 ware, though some add to this cream-colored 

 wares. This was an advance on their original 

 product which was known as " C. 0. ware." 

 Several of the Trenton potteries have, within 

 the past few years, made a still further ad- 

 vance, to what they call ' opaque porcelain," 

 which is really analogous to the English and 

 French faience. The body is of white clay, with 

 some kaolin, and perhaps feldspar also, but is 

 never a pure kaolin, feldspar, and quartz body. 

 The glazing is claimed to be feldspathic, but 

 containing some borax, and perhaps also lead. 

 Following the example of the great masters of 

 faience in Europe, they have made the designs 

 for these wares very beautiful, and have deco- 

 rated them with great artistic skill. Of their 

 class, they are very fine examples, but they are 

 fragile, and, from the inherent fault of their 

 baking and glazing, are not homogeneous, and 

 are liable to chip and craze. This liability is 

 of less consequence in fancy pieces, and those 

 which are only designed as specimens of high 

 art; but in household wares it is a very serious 

 objection, and one which they are struggling 

 to the best of their ability to overcome. One 

 of the Trenton companies, the Etrurian Pot- 

 tery Company, has devoted several of its kilns 

 to the production of Parian wares, and what it 

 calls ivory porcelain. The latter has a hard, 

 semi-translucent body, and a clear, smooth, 

 boracic glaze. The body probably contains 

 some kaolin and feldspar, and perhaps also bone. 

 It is an approach to the English pate tendre, 

 but does not reach it. ' The Parian is cast in 

 molds, and has a hard surface, not glazed. 



The Greenwood Pottery Company, of the 

 same city, are manufacturing an article which 

 they call " porcelain," or " American china." 

 It is probably a near approach to the English 

 and Viennese soft porcelain, but is not quite 

 equal to it. They are now suffering from the 

 intense competition of the Viennese manufac- 

 turers, who have thrown upon our markets 

 a soft porcelain, which is of excellent quality 

 and of fabulous cheapness. 



PORK, PROHIBITION OF AMERICAN. Be- 

 tween 1879 and 1881 nearly all the govern- 

 ments of continental Europe restricted or com- 

 pletely interdicted the importation of American 

 hog-meat. The first action of the kind was 

 taken by the Italian Government. In conse- 

 quence of alleged frequent discoveries of trichi- 

 nse in pork coming from Cincinnati, the sani- 

 tary department of that government issued an 

 order on Feb. 20, 1879, prohibiting all pork 

 imports from the United States. The pro- 

 hibition was extended on May 6, 1879, to all 

 foreign pork. About September, 1879, the 

 Council General of Public Health in Hungary 

 caused a similar interdict to be issued in that 

 country. At the same time the Austrian and 

 Hungarian governments consulted with regard 

 to making the prohibition of American pork, 

 on the ground of the prevalence of trichina 



