KUSSIA. 



703 



receipts in 1881 from the various sources were 

 of the following amounts : 



SOURCES OF REVENUE. Ruble.. 



Land and poll taxes 114,469,000 



Trading licenses 22,4ti<;.ooo 



Liquor 224.8h9.000 



Tobacco 12,*5G.Oi H ) 



Beet-root sugar 8,695,000 



Customs 84,628,000 



Stamps 14,969,000 



Registration 9,710,000 



Passports 3,281,000 



Navigation dues 727.000 



Quick-transit taxes 7,788,000 



Highways 171,000 



Miscellaneous imposts 5,852,000 



Mining royalties - 865,000 



Mint 2,687,000 



Post-Office 14,134,000 



Telegraphs 8,339,000 



Railroads of the state 8,796,000 



Forests . 14,4'*2,000 



State mines 4,491,000 



Farmed domains 6,992,000 



Sales of domains 4,745,000 



Other state property 661,000 



Special funds 13,442,000 



Receipts applicable to railroad debt 15.622,000 



Repayments 8,743,000 



Revenue of Transcaucasia 8.507,000 



State institutions 1,336,000 



Sales , 3,226,000 



Fines 2,102,000 



Temporary receipts 42,000 



Accidental receipts 13,853,000 



Budget d'ordre 24,869,000 



Total 651,754,000 



The expenditures in 1881 under the various 

 heads were as follow : 



EXPENDITURES. Rubles 



Public debt 195,600,000 



Imperial Chancery , 2,171,000 



Holy Synod 10,171,000 



Imperial household 10,342,000 



Foreign Affairs 4,211,000 



War 253.671,000 



Marine '. 82,138,000 



Finances 108,379,000 



Domains 19,837,000 



Interior 67,462,000 



Public Instruction 17,413,000 



Communications 12,168,000 



Justice 16,847,000 



Control 2,438,000 



Stud 904,000 



Transcaucasia . 8,641,000 



Total 762,393,000 



The budget for 1882 gives the total ordinary 

 revenue as 656,717,870 rubles, the recettes 

 cTordre as 22,165,068 rubles, and the extraor- 

 dinary receipts as 83,121,574 rubles; total, 

 762,004,512 rubles. The ordinary expenditures 

 are set down as 658,595,151 rubles, the defenses 

 cTordre as 22,165,068 rubles, the anticipated 

 deficiency in the receipts as 8,500,000 rubles, 

 and the extraordinary expenditures as 72,744,- 

 293 rubles; total, 762,004,512 rubles. 



In the budget for 1883 the ordinary receipts 

 are estimated at 707,573,007 rubles, the recettes 

 d'ordre at 5,974,581, the extraordinary receipts 

 at 62,457,835 rubles, and the balance in the 

 treasury at 2,500,000 rubles; total, 778,505,423 

 rubles. The ordinary expenditures are esti- 

 mated at 702,371,492 rubles, the depenses d^or- 

 dre at 5,974,581, the extraordinary expendi- 

 tures at 63,659,350 rubles, and the anticipated 

 deficits in the receipts at 6,500,000 ; total, 778,- 

 505,423 rubles. 



The public debt has accumulated since 1860. 

 The loans were contracted in England, Holland, 

 France, and Germany, and the proceeds applied 

 partly to cover the annual deficits and partly 

 in the construction of railroads. Before that 

 year the interest- bearing debt was small, al- 

 though large amounts of inconvertible paper 

 currency were in forced circulation since the 

 time of Catharine II. A loan of 6,400,000 

 was issued in 1850 for the railroad between St. 

 Petersburg and Moscow; a loan of 12,000,000 

 sterling in 1859, one of 8,000,000 sterling in 

 1860, and a fourth for 15,000,000 sterling in 

 1862. These were folio wed. by other ; 

 loans. Large sums were raised also by domes- 

 tic loans. The total amount of the debt in 

 September, 1878, was estimated to be 2.4-X- 

 000,000 rubles, including two internal loans, 

 called the Eastern loans, issued after the com- 

 mencement of the Turkish War. The total 

 amount on Jan. 1, 1882, was stated to be 3,- 

 051,180,190 rubles, including 545,042,630 ru- 

 bles of paper notes. This sum did not include 

 railroad bonds and the debt repayable by the 

 peasantry for their lands, amounting together 

 to 630,555,049 rubles. The amount of paper 

 money in circulation was reported to be 716,- 

 515,125 rubles, of which 171,472,495 rubles 

 were protected by a reserve. A new foreign 

 loan of 50,000,000 rubles was raised in 1883. 



One of the objects of the latest loans was to 

 withdraw from circulation 50,000,000 paper 

 rubles. On the ground that it would disturb 

 commercial values, the Finance Minister re- 

 duced the sum to 30,000,000 rubles. By a 

 ukase, dated Nov. 23, 1883, 30,000,000 rubles 

 were devoted to railroad construction. 



Finland. The Constitution of the Grand 

 Duchy of Finland was confirmed at the Diet of 

 Borga, and by proclamations issued by each suc- 

 cessive Emperor. 



The Governor-General is General Count Hei- 

 den, appointed in June, 1881 ; the Minister for 

 Finland, at St. Petersburg, is Baron T. Bruun. 



The population on Dec. 31, 1880, was 2,081,- 

 612, of whom 1,019,187 were of the male and 

 1,062,425 of the female sex. In respect of 

 religion it was divided into 2,040,535 Luther- 

 ans, 38,757 Greek Orthodox, and 2,320 Roman 

 Catholics. The population of Helsingfors, the 

 capital, was 44,584 in 1881. 



The total foreign commerce in 1882 was in 

 value 167,100,000 gold marks of imports and 

 119,800,000 marks of exports (the Finnish mark 

 is equivalent to a franc, or 19-3 cents). The 

 imports from Russia amounted to 71,700,000 

 marks, the exports to Russia to 54,500,000 

 marks; the imports from Germany to 42,600,- 

 000 marks, the exports to Germany to 8,800,- 

 000 marks; the imports from Great Britain to 

 15,900,000 marks, exports to- Great Britain to 

 24,400,000; the imports from Sweden and 

 Norway to 13,700,000 marks, exports to Swe- 

 den and Norway, 7,800,000. The United States 

 received none of the exports, but furnished 2,- 

 200,000 marks of the imports. 





