SPAIN. 



tencia, 143,861 ; Seville, 134,318 ; Malaga, 115,- 

 882 ; Murcia, 91,805 ; Saragossa, 84,575 ; Gra- 

 nada, 76,005; Carthagena, 75,908; Cadiz, 65,- 

 028; Jerez de la Frontera, 64,533; Palma, 

 58,224; Lorca, 52,934; Valladolid, 52,206. 



The colonies, with their areas and popula- 

 tions (returns for 1877, 1880), are as follow : 



EXPENDITURE. 



737 



Pe M U.. 



Religion. The established religion of the 

 kingdom is the Roman Catholic, whose clergy 

 are, by the terms of the Constitution, to be 

 maintained by tlie state. Protestant services 

 must be absolutely private; the number of 

 Protestant churches was reported at 53 in 

 July, 1876. Of the 16,625,860 inhabitants in 

 1877, about 16,605,000 were Catholics; 6,220 

 Protestants; 9, 640 Rationalists; 400 Jews; 300 

 Mohammedans ; 200 Buddhists. 



Education. According to the census of 1846 

 but 1,221,001 persons of both sexes could read 

 and write, and the total number able to read 

 and not write was only 1,898,288. The cen- 

 sus of 1860 showed that 3,129,921 (of whom 

 715,906 were females) could read, but not 

 write ; and that some 12,000,000 could nei- 

 ther read nor write. The number of primary 

 schools throughout the kingdom in 1878 was 

 given at 29,600, with an attendance of 1,611,- 

 000. Secondary or intermediate instruction 

 is given in 58 public schools, with an aggre- 

 gate of 757 teachers and 13,881 pupils. The 

 average annual experditure, by the Govern- 

 ment, for public instruction, does not exceed 

 $1,250,000. 



Finances. The following tables exhibit the 

 revenue and expenditure, as estimated in the 

 budget for the year ending June 30, 1884: 



REVENUE. Pesetas.* 



Direct taxes.... .. 239,295,000 



Indirect taxes 152,829,000 



Customs receipts 123,808,000 



Registration, stamped paper, state monopolies, 



etc 251,290,000 



Yield of national property 13,944,886 



Treasury receipts 21,210,000 



Total 802,376,886 



population at 475,568 on Dec. 81, 1882. The number 500,900 

 stated for June, 1883, by the " Almanach de Gotha," is exag- 

 gerated. 



* The peseta equals twenty cents. 

 VOL. xxni. 47 A 



Civil list 



Cortes 



Nationaldebt ' 278888448 



Indemnities '.'." 1/1.77. 



Pensions, etc ' 47968 1 44 



Presidency of the Council of Ministers . . . 1 101 709 



Ministry of Foreign Affaire s'676'870 



Justice 64J80,'217 



War . 128,621,705 



Marine 88,595,222 



the Interior 46,106.065 



Commerce and Agriculture 44.989 717 



" Finance 20871921 



Expenses of collecting direct tax, and of stamp 



etc., department 187,894,060 



Total 801,640^898 



Besides the foregoing estimates of the rev- 

 enue and expenditure in ordinary, there was 

 for the same year a budget extraordinary, 

 comprising : 



Peietai. 



.Revenue extraordinary 86,981,050 



Expenditure extraordinary 



Thus the aggregate estimates for the year 

 stand thus : 



REVENUE. 



Ordinary 802,376.886 



Extraordinary 86,981,050 



889,807,936 



EXPENDITURE. 



Ordinary 801,640,898 



Extraordinary 80,827,896 



881.967,794 



Estimated surplus 7,840,142 



The revenue extraordinary was calculated 

 to be made up partly of the proceeds of sales 

 of national property and partly of the pro- 

 ceeds of conversions <5f the debt. 



Here follow the budget estimates for the 

 years ending June 30, 1880, 1881, and 1882, 

 respectively : 



A balanced budget, the first for many years 

 in Spain, was presented by Sefior Camacho in 

 1881. But his flattering estimates were not 

 realized, and a large deficit, as usual, resulted. 

 Convinced that improvement was hopeless 

 under the financial system followed by his 

 predecessors, that minister introduced a series 

 of reforms which in a short time placed the 

 Spanish finances in a more satisfactory condi- 

 tion than ever before, and which, it was freely 

 admitted even by the most decided opponents 

 of the present Government, would permanently 

 raise the standard of the national credit. A 

 chief point of his policy was, to avoid past 

 causes of deficiencies, and to attain this he 

 proposed several measures 'of administrative 

 economy, to be supplemented by new indirect 

 taxes. But his most important scheme was 

 that for the conversion of the whole national 

 debt into a series of 4 per cents., with the ex- 

 ception of the 5 per cent, consolidated due to 

 the United States, the 3 per cent, to Denmark, 



