TURGENIEFF, IVAN S. 



771 



ticularly at the top, where the circulation is 

 naturally retarded. The coexistence of these 

 two factors seems to be essential to the pro- 

 duction of true pulmonary phthisis. The treat- 

 ment of the disease must regard both of these 

 factors, and hence the indications are, first, to 

 promote the general health, improve the con- 

 dition of the blood and of the vessels, and 

 exercise the respiratory function, in order to 

 prevent stagnation of the blood and inflamma- 

 tion in the apices of the lungs ; second, to pre- 

 vent the access of bacilli, and to destroy them 

 by antiseptic applications when they have once 

 effected an entrance. 



For the detection of the tubercle bacillus 

 under the microscope, two solutions are ne- 

 cessary, one of magenta, which colors the ba- 

 cillus, and one of chrysoi'dine, which colors the 

 surrounding substances but spares the bacillus. 

 The formula for the magenta solution is us fol- 

 lows : 



Magenta crystals 2 grat 



Aniline, pure 8 grar 



amines. 



pure 3 grammes. 



Alcohol 20 grammes. 



Distilled water 20 grammes. 



The solution of chryso'idine is prepared by 

 making a saturated solution of chrysoi'dine in 

 distilled water, then by adding a 

 crystal of thymol in a little abso- 

 lute alcohol to preserve the solution. 

 It is also necessary to have a dilute 

 solution of nitric acid (one part of 

 the acid to two parts of distilled 

 water). A fragment of tuberculous 

 expectoration is placed on a glass 

 and allowed to dry; it is then passed 

 three or four times through the flame 

 of a lamp, and again allowed to cool. 

 A few drops of the magenta solution 

 are placed in a small glass, which is 

 exactly covered with the glass hold- 

 ing the sputum, the latter being in 

 contact with the coloring fluid with- 

 out the interposition of any air. It 

 is left thus for fifteen or twenty min- 

 utes, and then treated with the ni- 

 tric acid, which removes all the col- 

 oring-matter in a few minutes. It 

 is then washed in distilled water 

 and subjected to chrysoidine, which 

 colors the entire preparation, again 

 washed in distilled water, then treat- 

 ed with absolute alcohol, dried, and 

 mounted in Canada balsam. The 

 bacillus is so highly colored as to be 

 visible to the most inexperienced 

 with a low magnifying power. 



TUNIS. See page 358. 



TURGMIEFF, Ivan Sergyevieh, a 

 Russian novelist, born at Orel, Nov. 

 9, 1818; died at Bougival, near Paris, 

 Sept. 3, 1883. He came of a noble 

 and ancient family, was taught by 

 French and German tutors on his mothers 

 estate, learned English in the Lasareff Insti- 

 tute at Moscow, entered the University there 

 at the age of sixteen, proceeded to the St. 



Petersburg University after the death of his 

 father in 1833, and, after graduation, went to 

 Berlin in 1838 to study history, philosophy, 

 and the classics. Returning in two years to 

 St. Petersburg, he was appointed to an office 

 in the Ministry of the Interior. He published 

 his first poem, " The Old Proprietor," in 1841, 

 and continued to write poetry until 1846, but 

 attached little value to these productions. In 

 1843 appeared a dramatic sketch in prose, and 

 in 1844 his first novel, "Andrei Kolossoff,"- 

 which attracted little attention. Those which 

 followed, however, were received with avidi- 

 ty. They were published under the initials 

 " T. L." (Turgenieff-Lutovitotf ), but the pseu- 

 donym was soon deciphered by curious inquir- 

 ers. The first of the sketches of serf -life, 

 collected in " Memoirs of a Sportsman" (1852), 

 appeared in the " Contemporary Review," in 

 1847. The effect of these natural and life-like 

 pictures of the narrow joys and many suffer- 

 ings of serfdom was like that produced in the 

 United States by Mrs. Stowe's " Uncle Tom's 

 Cabin." They raised Turgenieff to the highest 

 rank in Russian authorship, and created, among 

 the serf-owning class, his first political ene- 



t^lPf ;pgV 



Ik ' iKRiii^^^HK 



IVAN SERGYEVICH TURGENIEFF. 



mies. The Emperor Alexander declared that 

 this book first turned his mind to the question 

 of liberation. The last of these sketches ap- 

 peared in 1857. A French translation was 



