810 UNITED STATES, FISH-CULTURE IN. 



UNIVEESALISTS. 



be greater than eighteen inches. Its shallow margin 

 may be from thirty to forty feet wide and from two 

 to five inches deep. Water-grass (Festuca Jiuitans) 

 should grow in it plentifully. The breeding-fishes 

 should be removed after the close of their spawning- 

 season. The young fry are to be left in the hatching- 

 pond during one winter, and are then transferred to the 

 breeding-pond. The breeding-pond is constructed in 

 the same way as the hatching-pond, but it is larger 

 and deeper; its average depth may be twenty -one 

 inches, and the " kettles " or retiring-places may have 

 a total depth of four and a half feet. The shallow 

 margin should be from seventy to eighty feet wide. 

 There should be a good growth of grass in this pond. 

 They are to be stocked in March and April from the 

 hatching-pond. About 800 carp to the acre is a fair 

 average. After remaining one year in the breeding- 

 pond, the fish should be transferred to the culture- 

 pond, 400 to 500 being allowed to an acre. 



In feeding carp, distribute the food in different 

 places -near the banks^ and change the feeding-place 

 frequently. Do not give them much food at one time. 

 The best times are early in the morning, or in the 

 evening, and, in hot weather, late at night. Never 

 use more food than the fish will consume, else frag- 

 ments will remain in the pond to putrefy and cause 

 sickness among them. 



Bibliography. The literature of fish-culture 

 is extensive and scattered. A list of the prin- 

 cipal treatises accessible to American readers 

 is given below. In addition to the papers and 

 books mentioned, much and varied information 

 upon the subject is to be found in the reports 

 of the United States Fish Commissioner, Bul- 

 letin of the United States Fish Commission, 

 reports of many of the State Fish Commis- 

 sioners, and Transactions of the American Fish- 

 Cultural Association. The papers bearing the 

 date 1883 were read at the conferences of the 

 International Fisheries Exhibition of 1883; 

 they are, as a rule, modern, comprehensive, 

 and valuable : 



FBT, W. H. A Complete Treatise on Artificial Fish- 

 Breeding : including the Reports on the Subject made 

 to the French Academy and the French Government ; 

 and Particulars of the Discovery as pursued in Eng- 

 land. Translated and edited by W. H. Fry. Illus- 

 trated with Engravings. (New York, 1854.) 



GARLIOK, THEODATDS, M. D. A Treatise on the 

 Artificial Propagation of Certain Kinds of Fish, with 

 the Description and Habits of such Kinds as are the 

 most suitable for Pisciculture, etc. (Cleveland. 1857.) 



FRANCIS, FRANCIS. Fish-Culture : a Practical Guide 

 to the Modem System of Breeding and Rearing Fish. 

 With numerous Illustrations. (London, 1863.) 



BUCKLAND, FRANK T., M. A., M. R. C. S., F. Z. S. 

 Fish-Hatching. Hlustrated. (London, 1863.) 



GREEN, SETH. Trout-Culture. (Rochester, N. Y., 

 1870.) 



SLACK, J. H., M. D. Practical Trout- Culture. 

 (New York, 1872.) 



STONE, LIVINGSTON. Domesticated Trout, and How 

 to Breed and Grow them. (Boston, 1873 ; Charles- 

 town, N. H., 1877.) 



NORRIS, THADDEUS. American Fish-Culture, em- 

 bracing all the Details of Artificial Breeding and Rear- 

 ing of Trout, the Culture of Salmon, Shad, and other 

 Fishes. Illustrated. (Philadelphia, 1874.) 



HESSEL, RUDOLPH. The Carp and its Culture in 

 Rivers and Lakes, and its Introduction in America : 

 In Report of United States Fish Commissioner, Part 

 IV, 1878, pp. 865-900. Also printed separately. 



ROOSEVELT, R. BARNWELL, and GREEN, SETH. 

 Fish-Hatching and Fish-Catching. (Rochester, N. Y., 

 1879.) 



BORNE, MAX VON DEM, HAACK, H., MICIIAELIS, K. 



Amtliche Berichte uber die Internationale Fisch- 

 erei-Ausstellung zu Berlin, 1880. I. Fischzucht. 

 With thirty-nine Wood-engravings. (Berlin, 1881.) 



DAY, FRANCIS, F. L. S. Fish -Culture. Illus- 

 trated. (London, 1883.) 



GOODE, G. BROWN, M. A. The Fishery Industries 

 of the United States. (London, 1883.) 



HOME, DAVID MILNE, F. R. S. E. Salmon and 

 Salmon-Fisheries. (London, 1883.) 



HOWITZ, D., ESQ. Forest- Protection and Tree- 

 Culture on Water Frontages. (London, 1883.) 



HUBRECHT, PROFESSOR. Oyster-Culture and Oys- 

 ter-Fisheries in the Netherlands. (London, 1883.) 



HUXLEY, PROFESSOR, F. R. S. Address at the 

 Inaugural Meeting of trie Fishery Congress, Interna- 

 tional Fisheries Exhibition, London, 1883. (London, 

 1883.) 



KENT, W. SAVILLE, F. L. S., F. Z. S. Artificial 

 Culture of Lobsters. (London, 1883.) 



MAINWARING, HON. W. F. B. MASSEY. The Pres- 

 ervation of Fish-Life in Rivers by the Exclusion of 

 Town Sewage. (London, 1883.) 



MARSTON, R. B. Coarse Fish-Culture. (London, 

 1883.) 



MAITLAND, SIR JAMES RAMSAY GIBSON, BART. On 

 the Culture of Salmonidse and the Acclimatization of 

 Fish. (London, 1883.) 



SHAW-LEFEVRE, RIGHT HON. G., M. P. Principles 

 of Fishery Legislation. (London, 1883.) 



FNIVERSALISTS. The following is a sum- 

 mary of the statistics of the Universalist 

 Church in the United States, as given in the 

 " Universalist Register " for 1884 : Number of 

 State conventions, 22; of parishes, 919; of 

 families, 38,320; of churches, 696 ; of church- 

 members, 35,058; of Sunday-schools, 609; of 

 members of Sunday-schools, 52,758 ; of clergy- 

 men in fellowship,- 672, with 11 licensed lay 

 preachers ; of church edifices, 797, of which 

 the value, above indebtedness, is $6,894,100. 

 There were 12 schools and colleges in 1883, 

 with 101 instructors and 1,063 students, and 

 property valued at $2,373,000. 



The Universalist General Convention met in 

 Washington, D. C., October 24th. Mr. John 

 D. "W". Joy, of Massachusetts, was chosen pres- 

 ident. The Board of Trustees reported that 

 the contributions and bequests actually paid 

 during the past year for the missionary work 

 of the Church, through conventions and other- 

 wise, had amounted to more than $75,000; 

 and that the actual receipts from gifts by the 

 educational institutions exceeded $254,000. 

 The Murray centenary fund amounted to 

 $123,932; the theological scholarship fund to 

 $18,044 ; and the J. G. Gunn ministerial relief 

 fund to $8,790. The church in Washington, 

 D. C., in which the sessions of the convention 

 were held, had been completed at a cost of 

 $46,053, all of which was paid before the 

 meeting adjourned. The payment of the entire 

 indebtedness of the General Convention was 

 also announced. A committee, to which had 

 been referred the subject of a revision of the 

 creed, reported that it had come to the conclu- 

 sion that no general revision was called for at 

 this time. "The present profession," the re- 

 port said, u may not be regarded as a complete 

 statement of doctrine, nor should it be held as 

 too sacred for amendment. Beyond question, 



