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classifications of the Carinatse is that of Knowlton in his "Birds of 

 the World/' and that of Evans in the volume on " Birds" in the 

 Cambridge Natural History, an outline of which is as follows: 



Brigade I. (Largely archaic types) 



LEGION I. COLYMBIMORPH^E (Diver-like Birds) 

 Order 1. Ichthyornithiformes 



2. Colymbiformes 



3. Sphenisciformes 



4. Procellariiformes 



LEGION II. PELARGOMORPH.E (Stork-like Birds) 

 Order 5. Ciconiiformes 

 6. Anseriformes 

 " 7. Falconiformes 



Brigade II. (Largely modern types) 



LEGION III. ALECTOROMORPH^I (Fowl-like Birds) 

 Order 8. Tinamiformes 

 " 9. Galliformes 



" 10. Gruiformes 



11. Charadriiformes 



LEGION IV. CORACIOMORPH^ (Crow-like Birds) 

 Order 12. Cuculiformes 



13. Coraciiformes 



14. Passeriformes 



Knowlton 's classification differs from that of Evans in only a few 

 major particulars: 1, the tinamous are placed among the Ratitae 

 in close association with the ostriches, instead of next to the Galli- 

 formes; 2, the penguins are placed among the flightless birds, im- 

 mediately following the Ratitae; the genus Ichthyornis is placed in the 

 same order as the toothed diving birds Hesperornis and Baptornis 

 instead of among the flying or carinate birds; 4, there is no brigading 

 of the birds into archaic and modern brigades, and there is no group- 

 ing of orders into legions, a proceeding that is less likely to lead into 

 false phylogenetic implications than the somewhat artificial grouping 

 of Evans. 



The present writer prefers to follow neither classification rigidly 

 but to use a combination of the two methods. The limitations of the 



