386 VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 



and the Cercopithecidae. The chief differences between Man and 

 the anthropoid apes are viewed as the direct result of the acquisition 

 by Man of terrestrial habits, erect posture, and larger brain, all of 

 which acquisitions are undoubtedly closely correlated. These pri- 

 mary human adaptations are accompanied by secondary changes. 

 Erect posture, for example, involves a series of adjustments, such as 

 alterations in the curvatures of the spine, changes in the structure 

 of the legs, loss of grasping power of the great toe, and increased 

 length of legs. The following comparison between Man and the 

 anthropoid apes is made by Gregory: 



"The anthropoids are chiefly frugivorous and typically ar- 

 boreal; when upon the ground they run poorly and (except in 

 the case of the gibbons) use the fore limbs in progressing; Thus 

 they are confined to forested regions. Man, on the other hand, 

 is omnivorous, entirely terrestrial, erect, bipedal and cursorial, 

 an inhabitant primarily of open country. The anthropoids use 

 their powerful canine tusks and more or less procumbent incisors 

 for tearing open the rough rinds of large fruits and for fighting. 

 Primitive man, on the contrary, uses his small canines and more 

 erect incisors partly for tearing off the flesh of animals, which he 

 has killed in the chase with weapons made and thrown or wielded 

 by human hands. These implements and weapons also usually 

 make it unnecessary for man to use his teeth in fighting and func- 

 tionally they compensate for the reduced and more or less de- 

 fective development of his dentition." 



Although some authors recognize four species of Man, the best 

 authorities now admit of but a single species, Homo sapiens. Possibly 

 the minor divisions are the equivalent of sub-species, races, or va- 

 rieties. Four races are distinguished by Lull: 



Australian race: skull long; eyebrows very prominent; teeth 

 large, especially the canines; tall and long-limbed; skin brown; hair 

 black, long and wooly. Habitat: Australia, Dekkan, Hindustan. 



Negroid race: skull long; forehead round; nasal bones flattened; 

 teeth sloping; skin, eyes, and hair black; hair short and wooly. 

 Habitat: Madagascar and Africa from the Sahara desert to Cape of 

 Good Hope. 



Mongolian race: skull broad and short; nose flat; eyes small 

 and oblique; stature short and thick-set; skin golden brown; hair 

 coarse, straight and black; beard scanty. Habitat: east of a line 



