MAMMALIA 



387 



drawn from Lapland to Siam; Chinese, Tartars, Japanese, Malays, 

 Esquimos, North and South American Indians. 



Caucasian race is usually subdivided into three varieties: 



A. Mediterranean: short; slender; long-headed; with hair and eyes 



dark brown to black. 



B. Alpine: medium height; stocky build; round-headed; hair and 



eyes dark brown or black, but in the North often hazel or 

 gray, probably due to admixture with the northern varieties. 



C. Nordic: tall; long-headed; hair flaxen, red, or light brown; eyes 



blue, gray, or green. 



Habitat of Caucasian race: mainly Europe and North America: 

 includes Moors, Berbers, Egyptians, Kurds, Persians, Afghans? 

 Hindus, Turks, Jews and Armenians. 



The Immediate Ancestors of Man 



According to Gregory, Man arose from an early, large-brained 

 anthropoid stock, not far from the chimpanzee-gorilla group. Evi- 

 dences point toward central Asia as the place of origin and early de- 

 velopment of the pre-human 

 Hominidse. The time of origin 

 is believed not to have been 

 later than early Pliocene and 

 not earlier than Miocene times; 

 thus dating back some hun- 

 dreds of thousands of years. 

 The earliest fossil remains of 

 the Hominidse consist of the 

 relics of the Java "ape-man," 



Pithecanthropus erectus ^(Fig. FlG igy.Skull of the Java ape-man, 

 197). Fragmentary remains of Pithecanthropus erectus. (From Lull, after 

 this creature, consisting of a Dubois -) 



skull-cap, a thigh bone, and two upper molar teeth, indicate that it 

 was intermediate between the most primitive type of present-day man 

 and the highest of the living apes. McGregor has reconstructed busts 

 of Pithecanthropus, of the most primitive of extinct human species 

 (Homo neanderthalensis) , and of Homo sapiens, a series which strik- 

 ingly shows the gradual evolution away from apish and toward 

 human features (Fig. 198). 



