MENTAL CONSTITUTION OF ANIMALS. 249 



sons and the features of their faces are ; and education and 

 circumstances, though their influence is not to be despised, 

 are incapable of entirely altering these characters, where they 

 are strongly developed. That the original characters of mind 

 are dependent on the volume of particular parts of the brain 

 and the general quality of that viscus, is proved by induction 

 from an extensive range of observations, the force of which 

 must have been long since universally acknowledged but for 

 the unpreparedness of mankind to admit a functional con- 

 nexion between mind and body. The different mental charac- 

 ters of individuals may be presumed from analogy to depend 

 on the same law of development which we have seen deter- 

 mining forms of being and the mental characters of particular 

 species. This we may conceive as carrying forward the 

 intellectual powers and moral dispositions of some to a high 

 pitch, repressing those of others at a moderate amount, and 

 thus producing all the varieties which we see in our fellow- 

 creatures. Thus a Cuvier and a Newton are but expansions 

 of a clown ; and the person emphatically called the wicked 

 man, is one whose highest moral feelings are rudimental. 

 Such differences are not confined to our species ; they are 

 only less strongly marked in many of the inferior animals. 

 There are clever dogs and wicked horses, as well as clever 

 men and wicked men ; and education sharpens the talents, 

 and in some degree regulates the dispositions of animals, as it 

 does our own. 



There is, nevertheless, a general adaptation of the mental 

 constitution of man to the circumstances in which he lives, as 

 there is between all the parts of nature to each other. The 

 goods of the physical world are only to be realized by ingenuity 

 and industrious exertion; behold, accordingly, an intellect 

 full of device, and a fabric of the faculties which would go to 

 pieces or destroy itself if it were not kept in constant occu- 

 pation. Nature presents to us much that is sublime and 

 beautiful : behold faculties which delight in contemplating 

 these properties of hers, and in rising upon them, as upon 

 wings, to the presence of the Eternal. It is also a world of 

 difficulties and perils, and see how a large portion of our 



