382 OBSERVATION OUTLINE 



p. 109 ; Pipit, Fig. 205, p. 351 ; Turkey Vul- 

 ture, Fig. 206, p. 351). 



Used for climbing (exs. Woodpeckers, Fig. 202, 

 p. 351 ; Brown Creeper, Fig. 201, p. 351). 



Used for holding and tearing prey (ex. Hawks, 

 Fig. 207, p. 351). 



V. Appearance. 

 Wings and tail drooping. 



Crest raised, wings close at sides. 



VI. Movements. 



Hop (ex. Sparrow) ; walk (ex. Blackbird). 



Creep up trees (ex. Brown Creeper). 



Bob head and wag tail (exs. Water-Thrushes and Pipits). 



Twitch tail from side to side (ex. Indigo-bird). 



VII. Flight. 



1. FAST. 



Direct (ex. Robin). 



Abrupt and zigzag (ex. Chimney Swift). 



Smooth and circling (ex. Swallows). 



2. SLOW. 



Flapping (exs. Crow and Heron). 



Sailing or soaring (exs. Red-tailed Hawk and Turkey 



Buzzard). 

 Flapping and sailing alternately. 



Oblique flight (ex. Meadowlark). 



Undulating flight (ex. Goldfinch). 



Points to note to add to knowledge of life histories. 



I. Localities frequented. 



Gardens and orchards (exs. Hummingbird and Catbird). 



Roadside fences (exs. Kingbird and Vesper Sparrow). 



Meadows (exs. Bobolink and Meadowlark). 



Thickets (exs. Brown Thrasher and Chat). 



Woods (exs. Hermit Thrush and Oven-bird). 



Rivers and lakes (ex. Kingfisher). 



Marshes (exs. Heron and Marsh Wren). 



