PECTORAL REGION n 



found passing from the substance of the mammary gland to 

 the skin ; they are called the ligaments of Cooper. 



When the reflection of the flaps is completed the superficial 

 fascia is exposed. 



Superficial Fascia (Panniculus Adiposus). The superficial 

 fascia is found not only in the region now under considera- 

 tion but over the whole of the body. Its structure is 

 slightly different in different areas. In all parts, with the 

 exception of the region of the scrotum, it contains yellowish 

 fat, the amount of fat varying with the regions and with the 

 obesity of the subject. In some regions muscle fibres of 

 reddish tint are found in the deeper part of the superficial 

 fascia ; in the anterior part of the neck and the adjacent 

 portion of the upper part of the chest they form, on each 

 side, a definite sheet of muscle called \\\e platysma and in the 

 region of the scrotum they entirely replace the fat. 



In the superficial fascia lie the cutaneous vessels and 

 nerves, and the deeper portions of the hairs and the sweat 

 glands. In some regions the deeper parts of the sebaceous 

 glands of the skin penetrate into it, and in the thoracic region, 

 the mammary glands, which are modified subaceous glands, 

 are developed in its substance. It contains also the super- 

 ficial lymph glands. 



Under cover of the superficial fascia and intervening 

 between it and the muscles there is a more membranous 

 layer of fibrous tissue called deep fascia. 



The superficial fascia, therefore, intervenes between the 

 skin and the deep fascia, and it is attached to both by fibrous 

 strands which pass through the fat. As it lies between the 

 skin and the deep fascia it forms a soft elastic cushion upon 

 which the skin rests, and which, by its elasticity, allows the 

 skin to be moved over the deeper parts. It rounds off the 

 angularities of the body and it forms the bed in which the 

 cutaneous vessels and nerves ramify before they enter the skin. 



In the region at present exposed, the fat is not usually 

 very plentiful except in female bodies, where it is abundant 

 in the region of the mamma. In the neighbourhood of the 

 clavicle a reddish striation due to the lower part of the 

 platysma is usually visible, and if it is not seen the fibres of 

 the muscle can be exposed quite easily by the removal of the 

 thin layer of fat which lies superficial to them. 



After the general characters of the superficial fascia have 



