4 i4 THE INFERIOR EXTREMITY 



popliteus, sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. Of 

 these, only one is inserted on the lateral side of the limb, viz. , the biceps. 

 The other five are inserted into the tibia on the medial side of the leg. 



Medial rotation is produced by the popliteus, gracilis, sartorius, semi- 

 tendinosus, and semimembranosus. Lateral rotation by the biceps femoris. 



Dissection. In order to obtain a proper view of the attach- 

 ments of the cruciate ligaments the following dissection must 

 be made : The femur must be sawn across about two inches 

 proximal to its distal articular surface. When that has been 

 done divide the distal part of the bone by a vertical, antero- 

 posterior saw-cut, which should end distally in the intercondylar 

 fossa between the condyles and between the proximal attach- 

 ments of the two cruciate ligaments. After this procedure the 

 cruciate ligaments can be studied singly, or together, and their 

 relation to the collateral ligaments of the joint can be examined. 

 It will be seen that the fibular collateral ligament and the anterior 

 cruciate ligament constitute a pair of ligaments which are fixed 

 to opposite sides of the lateral condyle. The tibial collateral 

 and the posterior cruciate ligaments belong to the medial condyle 

 of the femur, and are attached to its medial and lateral surfaces, 

 respectively. When that relationship has been noted, the tibial 

 collateral ligament may be divided to free the medial condyle, 

 and give greater space for the study of the cruciate ligaments. 



Ligamenta Cruciata Genu (O.T. Crucial Ligaments). The 

 cruciate ligaments are well named, because they cross each 

 other, like the limbs of the letter X, in the interval between 

 the two condyles of the femur. This cruciate arrangement 

 is seen whether they are viewed from the side, by the removal 

 of the distal part of one condyle, or from the front or the 

 back of the joint. The anterior cruciate ligament is attached 

 to the tibia in front of the intercondylar eminence and to 

 the medial surface of the lateral condyle of the femur, whilst 

 the posterior is fixed to the tibia behind the intercondylar 

 eminence and to the lateral surface of the medial condyle of 

 the femur. 



The anterior cruciate ligament springs from the intermediate 

 rough area on the proximal surface of the tibia, in the 

 anterior intercondylar fossa of the tibia, immediately anterior 

 to the medial tubercle which surmounts the intercondylar 

 eminence. Thence it proceeds upwards, backwards, and 

 laterally, to gain attachment to the posterior part of the 

 medial surface of the lateral condyle of the femur (Fig. 186). 



The posterior cruciate ligament springs from the posterior 

 intercondylar fossa of the tibia posterior to the inter- 

 condyloid eminence, and posterior also to the attachments 

 of the posterior horns of both menisci. It passes upwards, 



