26 



THORAX 



remainder of its course and the position of its posterior 

 margin are the same as on the right side. 



The details given regarding the levels of various parts 



CEsophagus 

 Left subclavian artery 

 Left common carotid artery \ 

 Left superior intercostal vein 



Left innominate vein \ j i ,\\ ,|i ^ JMI 



Cut edge of 

 parietal pleura 



Cut edge of 

 parietal pleura 



Pericardium 



Diaphragmatic 

 pleura 



FIG. 9. Left Pleural Sac, of a subject hardened by formalin injection, 

 opened into by the removal of the costal pleura. The left lung also 

 has been removed so as to display the mediastinal pleura. The line 

 along which the pleura is reflected from the diaphragm on to the thoracic 

 wall is exhibited. 



of the inferior borders of the lungs and pleurae are not 

 easily remembered, and it will be sufficient if the levels 

 on three definite lines are kept in mind. The three 



