BACK. 369 



times happens that this muscle has no connexion the external tuberosity of the os occipitis to the 

 with the eleventh and twelfth dorsal vertebrae, spine of the seventh cervical vertebra. It is 

 The long tendinous fibres of the two trapezii, interposed between the two trapezii. A thin 

 at the junction of the cervical and dorsal re- septum extends from it to the spines of all the 

 gions, form an oval aponeurosis of considerable cervical vertebrae. In no part does it deserve 

 size, called the cervical aponeurosis, which is the name of ligament in the human subject, 

 supposed to give greater strength to this part. In quadrupeds, however, especially where the 

 All the spinal origin has its fibres blended with neck is long or the head very heavy, as in the 

 those of the opposite muscle, and supraspinal horse, stag, elephant, &c. it is a powerful elastic 

 ligament. The insertion is by a mixture of ligament, resembling in structure the ligamenta 

 tendinous and fleshy slips, except at the extre- subflava of the spine, and is of great impor- 

 mity of the spine of the scapula, where a little tance by supporting the head without much 

 tendon is formed which glides over a small muscular effort. In man it is quite rudimental. 

 triangular surface to be inserted into the top of The trapezius presents much variety in diflfer- 

 the tubercle. The plane which this muscle ent animals. In the carnivoraand rodentia the 

 forms is curved on the side of the neck, and its clavicular portion joins with the masto-humeral, 

 fibres are there a little twisted. Instead of three (a muscle not found in man,) and is separated 

 sides this muscle has actually five: 1st, a from the scapular portion by the levator anguli 

 superior; 2nd, an internal these are its ori- scapulae. In the horse the only part of the muscle 

 gins; 3rd, an external, which is its insertion, developed is that which corresponds to the as- 

 and two others which are unconnected, viz. cending fibres in man, and which are inserted into 

 4th, an inferior external, and 5th, a superior the tubercle at the extremity of the spinous pro- 

 external. Of these the first is so short that it cesses. In the dolphin it is thin, covers all the 

 attracts no notice ; the other four are of un- scapula, and is inserted into that bone near its 

 equal lengths hence the name trapezius. But neck. In the mole a fleshy bundle coming 

 the third and fourth sides are so nearly in one from the loins replaces it. In birds it consists 

 continuous line that the whole muscle appears of two portions, one for the furca, the other for 

 triangular. the scapula. In reptiles there is no trapezius. 



The trapezius covers the complexus, the Latissimus dorsi. This muscle is also thin, 

 splenii, the levator anguli scapulae, the serratus triangular, and very extensive, covering the 

 posticus superior, the rhomboidei, the supra- lumbar region, a part of the dorsal and of the 

 spinatus, a small portion of the infra-spinatus, side of the thorax, and contributing to form the 

 the latissimus dorsi, the sacro-lumbalis and posterior boundary of the axilla. It is exposed 

 longissimus dorsi. It touches all these mus- by raising the integuments, superficial fascia, 

 cles, arid glides on them by means of a fine and lower angle of the trapezius. Then we 

 cellular tissue, which contains little or no fat find it arising from the tops of the spinous pro- 

 except over the supra-spinatus. The anterior cesses of six, (sometimes of four or five, some- 

 superior edge forms the posterior boundary of times of seven or eight,) of the inferior dorsal 

 the great lateral triangle of the neck, and at its vertebrae, of all the lumbar vertebrae and from 

 upper extremity is often connected with the the supraspinal ligament, from the spines and 

 sterno-mastoid. The two trapezii have some other eminences of the sacrum, from nearly the 

 resemblance to the monk's cowl hanging over whole posterior half of the crest of the ilium, and 

 the neck, hence the name cucullares often given from the three or four lowest false ribs. The 

 to them. fibres all converge, the uppermost running 



By its superior fibres this muscle raises the transversely, the lowest vertically. It is in- 



clavicle and scapula; by its middle it draws seried into the posterior edge of the bicipital 



the scapula towards the vertebral column, and groove of the humerus. 



by its inferior it pulls the tubercle of the spine The costal origin of this muscle is fleshy, all 



of the scapula downwards. If all the fibres act the rest is tendinous. The tendinous fibres on 



together, it will cause, the scapula to rotate on the vertebrae are blended with those of the 



the thorax, so as to elevate the shoulder-joint, opposite muscle, and on the sacrum and ilium 



and in this it is powerfully assisted by the in- with the glutaeus maximus. They form a tendon 



ferior portion of the serratus magnus, as in of great extent, narrow on the sacrum, very 



carrying heavy burthens on the shoulder. It broad on the lumbar region, and again becoming 



serves to keep the head from falling forwards, narrow as we ascend to the dorsal. It is to this 



and will, by its superior fibres, draw the head tendinous expansion that the name of lumbar 



to the shoulder and turn the face to the other fascia is given; its fibres are for the most part in 



side. We use it in shrugging up the shoulders, the direction of the fleshy fibres which succeed, 



It becomes a muscle of inspiration by raising but they are crossed irregularly by some others, 



and fixing the clavicle and scapula, so that the This fascia covers and binds down the lumbar 



subclavius, the lesser pectoral, part of the ser- muscles, giving great strength to the loins ; it 



ratus magnus, &c. may elevate the ribs. The is intimately connected with the tendon of the 



spinal accessory nerve (the superior external serratus posticus inferior, the internal oblique 



respiratory of the trunk) terminates in this of the abdomen, and the posterior tendon of 



muscle, and, according to Sir Charles Bell, the transversalis, all of which are inseparably 



associates it with the other respiratory muscles, connected with its anterior surface. The costal 



The ligamentum nuchte, from which the chief origin is by fleshy slips which indigitate with 



part of the cervical portion of the muscle arises, similar slips of the obliquus externus abdominis ; 



is a line of dense cellular tissue, extending from these are so disposed that the inferior almost 



VOL. i. 2 B 



