BLADDER, ABNORMAL ANATOMY. 



Petrop. vol. v. Noot, De structura et usu vesicae 

 urinariae atque ureterum, 4to. Lugd. Bat. 1767. 

 Boeckhoven de Wind, De ureteribus et ves. urin. 

 4to. Lugd. Bat. 1784. Richerand, Mem. sur 1'ap- 

 pareil urinairc, in Mem. de la Soc. Med. d'Emulat. 

 An viii. Bell on the muscles of the ureters, Med. 

 Chir. Trans, v. iii. Wilson, Lectures on the struc- 



389 



ture and physiology of the male urinary organs, &c. 

 8vo. Loud. 1821. See also the different systems 

 of anatomy, the Tabulae Septendecim of Santorini 

 and his Observationes anatomicae, and the recent 

 Memoir of Mr. Guthrie on the anatomy and diseases 

 of the neck of the bladder, &c. 8vo. 1834. 



( R. Harrison.) 



Changes 



Congenital 



BLADDER, ABNORMAL ANATOMY In the following synopsis may be seen the 

 OF THE URINARY. Under this deno- several affections included, as well as the order 

 mination it is proposed to include all variations in which they will be described in the present 

 from the natural condition of the organ, whe- article, 

 ther the particular variety be a congenital vice 

 of conformation or a consequence of extra- 

 uterine disease. 



4 Absence. 

 { Plurality. 

 f Septa. 



< Extrophy or extroversion. 

 C Persistance of the urachus. 

 f Sacculi or cysts. 

 J Capacity, increase of. 

 \ decrease of. 



v. Introversion. 

 Herniae, inguinal, 

 femoral, 

 perineal. 

 vaginal. 



"Inflammation with its consequences. 

 Idiopathic softening. 

 Rupture. 

 Fistulae. 

 Haemorrhage. 

 Fungoid tumours.- 

 Varices. 

 JScirrhus. 



5 Paralysis. 

 \ Spasm. 



To some persons, the introduction of two 

 functional diseases, paralysis and spasm, in 

 an article on pathological anatomy, may appear 

 objectionable ; but as they are sometimes con- 

 sequences of structural change, we hold that 

 we have a perfect justification for their ap- 



^ AT -i 

 f Numerical 



Of conformation 



'Of conformation 



Of position 



^Acquired 



Of structure 



Of function 



pearance. 



mented, terminated immediately below the 

 pubis near the orifice of the urethra. Binnin- 

 ger* describes the case of Abraham Clef, in 

 whom there was no urinary bladder, and the 

 ureters opened upon the urethra. A stylet, 

 introduced into the urethra, passed alternately 



into the one arid the other ureter ; the ureters 

 CONGENITAL CONDITIONS. were afterwards separated from the kidneys, 



Numerical changes. Absence. Among the and the stylet, introduced in the opposite di- 

 single organs of the body, one degree of nu- rection, met with no obstacle to its passage into 

 merical diminution only is possible, namely, the urethra. 



their absence. Such an anomaly, if we except Of the second species we have, in the se- 

 true cases of monstrosity, should be extremely venth volume of the Philosophical Trans- 

 rare, and indeed it is so; for as all unique actions, the history, given by Richardson, of a 

 portions of the organization are called upon lad residing in Yorkshire, who lived to the age 

 to perform functions, to which they are more or of seventeen, without ever having passed urine 

 less exclusively devoted, it is rarely that any through the urethra, and who had still enjoyed 



good health. The only inconvenience he suf- 

 fered was a consequence of the passage of the 

 urine into the rectum, by which a troublesome 

 diarrhoea was kept up. Camperf speaks of 

 five similar cases, one of which was that of 

 a female. KleiriJ also speaks of a case. In 

 the Nov. Acta Acad. Nat. cur. ann. i. obs. 38, 

 there is another in which " ureter in rectum 



other can supply their place, and in conse- 

 quence, when the organ is wanting, the func- 

 tion is also wanting. 



There are upon record a certain number of 

 instances of absence of the urinary bladder ; 

 in some of these cases the ureters have been 

 found to terminate directly in the urethra, in 

 others they have been inserted into the rectum, 

 in others they have communicated with the 

 ragina. Of the first species we have the fol- 

 lowing examples : Lieutaud * mentions the 

 case of a man, aged thirty-five, in whom the 

 ureters, the capacity of which was much aug- 



' Hist. Anat. Med. Liber primus. Obs. 1361. 



intestinum insertus fuit." 

 de 1'Acad. ann. 1752, n. 



And in the Hist. 

 4, there is one de- 



* Obs. Med. 24, cent. 2. 



t In Mem. pour le Prix, &c. 8vo. edit, tome v. 

 p. 9. 



% Rachit. congenit. Nov. Eph. Ac. Nat. 

 vol. i. obs. 38. 



