CEPHALOPODA. 



561 



developed and proportionally large to direct its 

 evolutions. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY (ANATOMICAL). Aristotle, 



Historia de Animalibus, cur. Schneider, Lipsiae, 

 lib. iv. cap. 1, 2, & 4 ; lib. v. cap. 6 & 18 ; lib. vi. 

 cap. 13; lib. viii. cap. 2 & 30 ; lib. ix. cap. 36. 

 De Partibus Animalium, lib. iv. cap. 9. 



In these several parts of his extraordinary work 

 Aristotle indicates nine different species of Cepha- 

 lopods, with so much precision and so happy a se- 

 lection of their distinctive characters, that modern 

 naturalists have been enabled to identify almost 

 all the species which were studied by the Stagyrite 

 two thousand years ago. 



Of these we may first mention the Nautilus 

 which adheres to its shell, and which we conceive 

 may have been the Nautilus Pompilius ; second, the 

 Nautilus which does not adhere to its shell, universally 

 allowed to be the Argonauta or Paper Nautilus of 

 the moderns; third, the Cuttle-fish (Sepia ojfici- 

 na'is); fourth and fifth, the great and small Cala- 

 maries ( Loligo vulgaris and Loligo media); sixth 

 and seventh, the great and small Poulps ; the 

 former is regarded by Belon and Rondeletius to 

 have been the Sepia octopodia of Linnaeus ; but the 

 small species, which Aristotle states to have been 

 variegated,* has not yet been satisfactorily deter- 

 mined ; eighth, the Boliteena, a genus of Octopods 

 which Aristotle characterized by its peculiar odour ; 

 this is the Eledona moschata of Leach ; ninth, the 

 Eledone, characterized by the single series of suck- 

 ers, and to which the Eledona cirrosa of Leach 

 corresponds. 



Respecting the living habits of the Cephalopods, 

 Aristotle is more rich in details then any other 

 zoological author, and Cnvier has justly observed 

 that his knowledge of this class, both zoological 

 and anatomical, is truly astonishing. 



Swammerdam, Biblia Naturae, seu Historia Jn- 

 sectorum, 1737, 1738, or ' The Book of Nature/ Sec. 

 translated by Thomas Flloyd and J. Hill, London, 

 1758, fol. Towards the end of this work there 

 is a letter from Swammerdam to Redi, in which 

 are given the first anatomical details, in addition 

 to those of Aristotle, which appeared after the 

 revival of literature : the external parts and struc- 

 ture of the tongue are carefully described ; the 

 viscera and the nerves with less exactness ; and 

 the organs of circulation erroneously. 



Needhum, An account of some new microsco- 

 pical discoveries, 8vo. London, 1745. At page 22 

 we find the first d3scription of the armed suckers 

 of the Calamaries : Chapter V. contains the curious 

 account of the seminal filaments of the male 

 Cephalopods. 



Baker, An account of the Sea-Polypus ; Philo- 

 sophical Transactions, vol.1. 1758. Bohadsch, Dis- 

 sertatio de veris Sepiarum ovis, 4to. Pragae, 1752. 

 Josephus Theophilus Koelreuter, Polypi marini, 

 Russis Karakatiza recentioribus Graecis OKTVWOVC 

 dicti, descriptio. Nov. Comm. Acad. Petropol. 

 torn. vii. p. 321-343, 1759. Lamorier, Anatomie 

 de la Seche, et principalement des organes avec 

 lesquels elle lance sa liqueur noire ; Mem. de la 

 Soc. de Montpellier, torn. i. p. 293-300, 4to. 1766. 



John Hunter on the organ of hearing in fish ; Phi- 

 losophical Transactions, 1782. In this paper we 

 find the first announcement of the existence of an 

 organ of hearing in the class Cephalopoda. Nu- 

 merous preparations in his Collection attest Mr. 

 Hunter's extensive knowledge of the rich and 

 singular organization of the Cephalopods : for his 

 accurate description and beautiful figures of the 

 circulating and respiratory organs, the reader is 

 referred to the second volume of the Descriptive 

 and Illustrated Catalogue to the Hunterian Collec- 

 tion, 4to. and to the first volume of the same work, 

 for the descriptions of his preparations of the hard 

 parts and digestive organs of the Cephalopods : 



# * 



ETI i a>.Xo 



oox 



among the latter Mr. Hunter had placed the ' Pan- 

 creas of the Cuttle-fish.' 



Monro (Secundus). The structure and physiology 

 of fishes explained, &c. fol. Edinburgh, 1785. This 

 work contains (p. 62) the anatomy ot the Sagittated 

 Calamary (Loligo sagittata, which the author terms 

 the Sepia loligo), and from its organization he 

 ably deduces its true place in the natural system, 

 observing that ' by most authors it has been ranked 

 among Fishes ; by Linnaeus it has been placed among 

 the worms : but perhaps it may most justly be con- 

 sidered as a link connecting the two classes of 

 animals.' Monro confirms the discovery of Hunter 

 of the acoustic organ, and figures the otolithe of 

 the Calamary. He first published the true descrip- 

 tion of the three hearts, and rectified the errors of 

 Swammerdam on this part of the anatomy of the 

 class : he notices the absence of the venae portae, 

 and some of the peculiarities in the structure of 

 the eye ; but his description of the generative 

 system, and his notice respecting some other particu- 

 lars, as the urinary and gall-bladder, are erroneous. 



Scarpa, Anatomicae disquisitiones de auditu et 

 olfactu, fol. 1789. The anatomical descriptions 

 relative to the Cephalopods are limited chiefly to 

 the organ of hearing, and the course of the nerves ; 

 the account of the latter is incomplete and in part 

 erroneous. 



Tilesius, in the Beitrage fur die Zergliederungs- 

 knnst von H. F. Isenflamm, B. 1. Heit. 2. 



G. Cuvier, Lecons d'Anat. Comparee, 1799 to 1805. 

 These five volumes contain the results of numerous 

 researches on the anatomy of the Cepha'opoda, all 

 characterized by the author's usual depth and 

 accuracy. They are collected together with addi- 

 tional details and beautiful figures in the celebrated 

 ' Memoire sur les Cephalopodes et leur Ajiatomie/ 

 published in 1817, in the Memoires sur les Mol- 

 lusques, 4to. The type of organization illustrated 

 by these researches is considered in the author's 

 subsequent work (the Regne Animal), as charac- 

 teristic of the class Cephalopoda ; but the chief pe- 

 culiarities are found only in the Dibranchiate Order. 



De Blainville, De 1'organization des animaux, ou 

 principes d'anatomie comparee, torn. i. 8vo. 1822. 

 Contains observations on the skin and organs of 

 sense of the Cephalopods. Ejusdem, Manuel de la 

 Malacologie, 8vo. 1825. 



Home (Sir Everard), Lectures on Comparative 

 Anatomy, 4to. 1814-1828. On the distinguishing 

 characters between the ova of the Sepia and those 

 of the Vermes testacea. Philos. Trans, cvii. 



Leach, ( W. E. M.D.) On the genus Ocythoe. 

 Phil. Trans, cvii. Appendix to Tuckey's Voyage 

 to the Congo. Zoological Miscellany, vol. iii. 



Rathke, Ueber Perothis, &c. (on the anatomy of 

 the Loligopsis); Mem. de 1'Acad. Imp. de Peters- 

 bourg, torn. ii. parts 1 & 2, p. 169, 1833. 



Roget (P. M. M.D.) hndgewater Treatise, on 

 Animal and Vegetable Physiology, 8vo. 1834. 



Robert Grant, M.D. &c. Description of a new 

 species of Octopus ( Oct. ventricosus, Grant); Edinb. 

 Philos. Journal, vol. xvi. p. 309. On the structure* 

 and characters of Loligopsis, &c. and on the anatomy 

 of the Sepiola vulgaris, Leach. Transactions of 

 the Zoological Society, part i. 4to. 1833. Lectures, 

 Lancet, 1833-4. Outlines of comparative anatomy 

 parts 1 & 2, 8vo. 1835. 



Delle Chiaje, Memorie snlla storia degli ammali 

 senza vertebre del regno di Napoli, 1823-1829, 

 4 vol. 4to. 



San Giovanni, Giornale Encicl. di Napoli, 1824 ; 

 Annales des Sciences Naturelles, torn. xvi. p. 305! 

 ( His memoirs on the structure and properties of the 

 colorific stratum of the skin of Cephalopoda ate 

 contained in the above works.) 



J. Coldstream, M.D. see Edinb. New Philosophi- 

 cal Journal, July, 1830, p. 240 ; and, On the deve- 

 lopment of the ova of Sepia officinalis, Proceedings 

 of the Zoological Society, part i. 1833, p. 86. 



Mayer, Analekten fur Vergleichenden Anatomie, 

 4to. 1835. 



