80 
hence, when the eye is open, the apex of the 
angle formed by the inner canthus is broader 
and toa much greater degree prolonged than 
the outer; it is also rounded ‘on turned down- 
wards, but likewise in a much greater degree. 
The margins bounding the secondary fissure 
being destitute of cartilage are not firm and 
square but soft and rounded. 
Where the margin of either eyelid is con- 
tinued into the margins bounding the secon- 
dary fissure in question, there is observed on 
slightly everting the eyelids a small promi- 
nence, and in the apex of it a minute aperture, 
larger however than those above mentioned of 
the Meibomian follicles. The eminence is 
called lacrymal papilla and the aperture lacry- 
mal point. 
The fissure is closed by the action of the 
orbicularis muscle at the same time as the eye- 
lids ; but its margins, especially at the lacrymal 
papilla, come completely into contact before 
they do. The space within the inner or nasal 
canthus is called lacus lacrymalis. The lacry- 
mal papille and their points are turned in 
towards it, ready to take up the tears as they 
collect. 
’ At the bottom of the lacus lacrymalis, there 
is seen a small reddish glandular body, the 
dacrymal caruncle, and between the latter and 
the white of the eye a semilunar fold of pink- 
coloured conjunctiva. 
Eyelashes, Cilia,* Fr. Cils; Ital. Le ciglia; 
Germ. Die Augenwim; Every one knows 
the conformation of the eyelashes. How that 
they are stiff compressed hairs, increasing at 
first in thickness from their root, then gradu- 
ally tapering to their free and slender extre- 
mity ; how that they spring from the anterior 
edge of the palpebral margins ; how that those 
of the upper eyelid are stronger and more nu- 
merous than those of the lower; how that those 
in the middle are longer than those towards 
the corners of the eyelids; and how that those 
of the upper eyelid are curved upwards and 
those of the lower eyelid downwards, so that 
their convexities regard each other. In regard 
to the curvature it is to be remarked that it is 
not gradually throughout the whole hair but is 
betwixt the thickest and the root. There 
is another slight but variable curvature towards 
the extremity. 
The skin of the eyelids is continuous with 
and similar to that of the face, only some- 
what more delicate. The skin of the upper 
eyelid is more delicate than that of the lower. 
The eyebrows, supercilia, Fr. Les sourcals ; 
Ital. Le sopraciglia; Germ. Die Augenbraunen 
(fig. 11). The external appearance of the eye- 
brows is too well known to require any particu- 
lar description. Their prominence is produced 
pady by the superciliary arches of the frontal 
ne over which they lie, but principally bya 
cushion of cellular and adi 
neath the skin, together with the roots of the 
hairs and muscular substance. The hairs of 
the eyebrow are, generally speaking, directed 
from within outwards, but internally, especi- 
se tissue under- 
* Cilia, quia oculos celent ac tueantur, 
LACRYMAL ORGANS. 
ally where they exist over the root of the no 
they are inclined in the opposite directic 
Those immediately over the root of the n 
indeed cross each other. Besides the gen 
direction from within outwards of the major 
of the hairs of the eyebrows, it is to be~ 
marked that the uppermost ones are inclin 
downwards and the lowermost ones upwat 
so that they are raised into a kind of ri 
along the middle line of the eyebrow, an 
rangement which presents a pleasing app 
ance of regularity. The eyebrows are cap 
of very free motions, and these are in ek 
connexion with the affections of the mit 
hence the eyebrows have always been ¢oi 
sidered a very important physiognomoni 
feature. The movements of the eyebro 
are effected by muscles inserted into their 
These muscles are: the frontalis, which 
the eyebrows ; the upper and outer fik 
the orbicularis palpe m, which depre 
them, and the conupitoreupseely aa draw 
them inwards. or their description, sé 
article Face. l, 
The eyelids act in conjunction with the ir 
on many occasions; thus, in a weak light an 
in the act of looking at distant objects, 
eyelids are widely opened at the same time the 
the pupil is dilated; when the eye is expo: 
to a strong light, on the contrary, or in lookin 
at near objects, the palpebral fissure is ec 
tracted along with the pupil. In sleep con 
plete closure of the aa is associated wit 
very great contraction of the pupil.* 
Fig. 11. 
SSS 
i 
THe lien at, (From Seaman 
aa, The broad free margins of the eyelids, w 
the mouths of the Meibomian follicles. 
4, Outer canthus. ius 
c, Inner canthus. > pial 
d, tones papilla and lacrymal point of ap 
eyelid. . 
e, The same of the lower eyelid. o 
Jf, Lacrymal caruncle, and g, semilunar fold, at th 
bottom of the lacus lacrymalis, which is 
space within the fissure of the inner cant as. 
hh, The orifices whence the eyelashes have beet 
plucked out. 
i, Eyebrow. 
* See farther on this subject, Tourtnal, Ueb rd 
Function der gg beim Sehen. in Miill 
Archiv, No, iii, 1838, a 
