of the lowest spongy bone and the posterior 
margin of the groove in the superior maxillary, 
constituting the anterior and outer walls. The 
a al wall of the osseous nasal canal is 
formed superiorly by a continuation of the 
seous surfaces composing the lacrymal groove. 
Below, it is formed, in front, by a farther con- 
tinuation of one of these surfaces, viz. that of 
1e age maxillary bone, and behind by a 
thin plate of the lowest spongy bone, the nasal 
or lacrymal process of the lowest spongy bone, 
hich rises to join the inferior edge of the 
erymal. The anterior edge of this process 
f the spongy bone joins the posterior edge of 
le lower part of the lacrymal surface of the 
isal process of the superior maxillary. The 
ne of junction is thus the continuation of that 
it the bottom of the lacrymal groove. 
| Lacrymal papille, points and canalicules— 
"Fig. 15.) At the inner extremity of the ciliary 
ee 
4 Fig. 15. 
mtinuation of Figure 11, ing the relative situa- 
tion of the wpper mass of the lacrymal gland, and 
e exact 8 of the derivative lacrymal passages. 
( From Mote tng. ) 
a, b, c, d, superior and inferior lacrymal canali- 
i; a, a, lacrymal points; 6, 6, the small blind 
atations presented by the lacrymal canalicules, 
here they bend inwards to the lacrymal sac; ¢, ¢, 
ntinuation of the lacrymal canalicules; d, d, 
eir entrance into the lacrymal sac; e, f, g, lacry- 
sac ; é, blind end of the lacrymal sac ; f, middle 
rt of the lacrymal sac; g, its termination ; h, i, 
asal duct ; i, opening of the nasal duct into the 
Margin of each eyelid, where the fissure of the 
Nasal canthus begins, there has been already de- 
ibed a small papillary eminence, lacrymal 
alla, papilla lacrymalis, in the summit of 
hich is a small orifice, lacrymal point, of 
h a size as to admit athick bristle. The 
erymal points, puncta lacrymalia; Fr. Les 
ints lacrymaux; Ital. I punti lagrimali ; 
erm. Die Thranenpunkten ; are from their 
‘Size and situation sufficiently conspicuous as not 
to be confounded with one of the orifices of the 
Meibomian follicles. In the natural state the 
facrymal papillz are inclined towards the lacus 
rymalis. The lower papilla is somewhat more 
rominent than the upper, and situate some- 
¥. 
a 
\ hat more towards the temple. The dacrymal 
LACRYMAL ORGANS. 
91 
canalicules, canaliculi lacrymales, s. cornua 
limacum; Fr. Les conduits lacrymauzx ; Ital. 
I condotti lagrimali; Germ. Die Thrénen- 
kaniilchen ; lead from the lacrymal points into 
the lacrymal sac. From the superior lacrymal 
point the superior canalicule proceeds upwards 
ard outwards within the papilla a little way, 
then suddenly bending at an acute angle and 
forming at the same time a small dilatation, 
it runs downwards and inwards, inclosed in 
the fold of skin and conjunctiva forming the 
upper border of the fissure of the nasal can- 
thus, to the lacrymal sac. The course of the 
inferior canalicule is the counterpart of the 
above. From the lower point it runs a short 
way perpendicularly downwards and outwards 
within the corresponding papilla, then bend- 
ing abruptly apd\ike the upper forming a 
small dilatation, it proceeds upwards and in- 
wards, inclosed in the fold of skin and con- 
juuctiva forming the lower border of the fissure 
of the nasal canthus, to the lacrymal sac. 
The canalicules having met each other at the 
commissure of the fissure of the nasal canthus, 
pass under the tendon of the orbicularis mus- 
cle, and open by separate orifices, close to each 
other however, into the anterior and outer part 
of the lacrymal sac. These orifices indeed are 
separated merely by a duplicature of the mucous 
membrane composing their walls. 
The lacrymal canalicules have pretty firm 
walls of mucous membrane, which do not col- 
lapse, but when cut across are seen gaping 
open. The calibre of the canaliculi is about 
the thirtieth of an inch in diameter; that of the 
points is less, but these are capable of being 
dilated. 
The canaliculi are immediately surrounded 
by the fibres of the internal palpebral ligament, 
and those of the tensor tarsi muscle. 
Lacrymal sac ; saccuslacrymalis ; Fr., Le sac 
lacrymal ; Ital. Il sacco lagrimale; Germ., Der 
Thranensack.—( Fig. 16). This isa membra- 
neous reservoir of a vertically elongated form, 
and externally compressed, nine-twentieths of 
an inch long, and two-tenths broad externally, 
Fig. 16. 
Derivative lacrymal passages of the left side, seen from 
the side of the nasal cavity. 
Here it is seen that the nasal duct is much 
broader viewed from the side than from before. a, b, 
superior and inferior lacrymal canaliculi; ce, d, 
lacrymal sac; e, f, nasal duct; f, nasal orifice of 
the nasal duct, seen quite in its natural state. 
