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( W. B. Carpenter.) 
LIVER, Normat Anatomy.—Syn. Gr. 
umae; Lat. jecur, hepar; Fran. foie; Germ. 
Leber ; Ital. fegato. The liver is a conglo- 
merate gland of large size, appended to the 
alimentary canal, and performing the double 
office of separating certain impurities from the 
venous blood of the chylopoietic viscera, pre- 
viously to its return into the general circulation, 
and of secreting a fluid necessary to digestion— 
the bile. 
It is situated in the abdomen, in the right 
hypochondriac region, and extends across the 
epigastrium into the left hypochondriac region. 
Superiorly it ascends to a level with the sixth 
or seventh rib, diminishing the cavity of the 
chest on the right side, and inferiorly it ap- 
proaches by its anterior border, the lower mar- 
gin of the thorax. 
The general form of the liver is flattened, 
being broad and thick towards the right ex- 
tremity, and narrow and thin towards the left. 
Glisson compared its shape to the segment of 
an ovoid cut obliquely in the direction of its 
length, and Dr. Alexander Monro to the hoof 
of an ox rounded superiorly. [ts superior 
surface is convex ; the inferior irregularly con- 
cave ; the posterior border is thick and rounded, 
and the anterior thin and sharp. 
Its position in the abdomen is oblique, the 
convex surface, in the erect posture of the body, 
being directed upwards and forwards, and the 
concave downwards and backwards. The broad 
border is posterior and superior, and the thin 
margin anterior and inferior. If the trunk be 
inclined forwards the free edge of the liver 
may be felt, extending below the margin of the 
thorax. 
It is in relation by its convex surface, su- 
periorly with the diaphragm, which separates it 
from the under surface of the right lung and 
from the heart ; anteriorly with the diaphragm 
and transversalis muscle, and with the sheath 
of the rectus and linea alba at the epigastrium ; 
and on the right side with the diaphragm and 
transversalis muscle, which are interposed be- 
tween it and the seven or eight lower ribs, 
Its inferior or concave surface. is in relation 
—e 
NORMAL ANATOMY OF THE LIVER. 
2 =. 
with the anterior aspect of the sto 
ascending portion of the duodenum, 
verse colon, the right supra-renal ca 
the right kidney, and sometimes 
extremity with the upper end of the sp 
The posterior border rests against the 
phragm, which intervenes between it at 
vertebral column, and is in contact w 
inferior vena cava, cesophagus, and ri 
mogastric nerve. The anterior bo 
and in relation with the transverss 
which separates it from the cartil 
lower ribs, with the round ligament 
notch, and with the sheath of the ree 
linea alba at the epigastrium. @ 
The liver is retained in its place by « 
tures of peritoneum which pass bet 
convex surface and posterior border 
diaphragm, and by a fibrous cord — 
crosses from the linea alba to the inferio 
cava. These are the ligaments of the 
they are five in number, the broad, tl 
lateral, the coronary, and the round lig: 
Se.>77 
6 
The upper or convex surface of the li er. 
No 1, the right lobe ; 2, the left lobe; 3. 
of the lobus Spigelii seen projecting bey 
eerie border; 4, 4, the anterior or 
order ; 5, the notch in the anterior borde 
gives passage to the round ligament 12; 6, 
posterior or rounded bord r; 7, the broa 
ment; 8, the left lateral ligament; 9, t 
lateral ligament; 10, the point of sep 
of the layers of the right lateral ligament 
close the oval space, 11,11; 12, the rom 
ment; 13, the fundus of the gall-blad 
jecting beyond the anterior margin of the 
The notch upon the anterior margin corres} 
with the gall-bladder is also seen ; 14, the i 
vena cava emerging from the liver in the ¢ 
the oval space of the coronary ligament, 
small vessels seen ramifying upon the sv 
the organ are superficial lymphatics, 
The broad ligament, (fig. 32, 7) 
form, longitudinal, 1. latum, 1. susper 
hepatis) is an antero-posterior duplica 
peritoneum which extends from the ne 
the anterior margin of the liver to the § 
part of its posterior border. It is bi 
front where it incloses the round ligamet 
becomes narrow as it passes backy 
its synonym, falciform. It serves to” 
the convex surface of the liver with 
alba and diaphragm. “ 
The luteral ligaments (fig. 32, € 
