NORMAL ANATOMY OF THE LIVER. 
peels) are two triangular folds of peri- 
‘toneum which commence at each extremity of 
the posterior border of the liver and converge 
towards the termination of the broad ligament. 
They are broad near the extremities of the or- 
fan, and permit of a certain degree of motion 
in the right and left lobes, but become narrow 
is they approach the middle line. The two 
“layers which compose the right lateral ligament 
separate as they pass inwards, and partly inclose 
in oval space (11, 11) of variable size, which 
4s uncovered by peritoneum and in close con- 
act with the diaphragm; the remainder of the 
Space is bounded by the division of the layers 
of the broad and left lateral ligaments. The 
peritoneum surrounding this space, with the 
contained cellular tissue, which is large in quan- 
tity and connects the posterior border of the 
liver firmly with the right leaflet of the central 
tendon of the diaphragm, constitutes the co- 
ligament. The inferior vena cava (14) 
srges from the liver at about the middle of 
his space previously to its passage through the 
“quadrilateral opening in the tendon of the dia- 
“phragm. The left lateral ligament, near to its 
extremity, advances a little upon the upper sur- 
face of the left lobe. 
The round ligament, (fig. 33, 12) (ligamen- 
im teres, umbilicale) is a rounded fibrous 
i rd resulting from the obliteration of the um- 
bilical vein of the foetus. It is contained in 
the anterior margin of the broad ligament, and 
nay be traced forwards along the linea alba to 
he umbilicus, and backwards through the notch 
im the anterior border of the liver and along 
tl i longitudinal fissure to the posterior border, 
Where it is connected with the coats of the 
inferior vena cava. 
_ Turning to the under surface of the liver we 
have to examine certain jissures which divide 
his aspect of the organ into lobes; the fissures 
ue five in number ; the longitudinal, the fis- 
re for the ductus venosus, the transverse, the 
sure for the gall-bladder, and the fissure for 
e vena cava. 
_ The longitudinal fissure, (fig. 33, 4, 4) (sul- 
cus longitudinalis, umbilicalis, horizontalis) 
extends, as it name implies, longitudinally 
across the concave surface of the liver from the 
notch on the free margin of the organ to its 
posterior border. At about two-thirds from 
ihe anterior border it is met by a short fissure, 
the transverse, which joins it at right angles. 
the longitudinal fissure up to this pomt is 
deep and is generally covered in by an arch of 
val lable breadth (pons hepatis, fig. 33, 19) 
vhich connects the adjoining sides of the right 
left lobes ; beyond this point it is shallow 
nd takes the name of fissure for the ductus 
eno (5) from containing the fibrous cord 
nto which the ductus venosus is converted 
ter the cessation of fetal circulation. The 
ongitudinal fissure marks the division of the 
yer upon its under surface into a right and 
eft lobe, and contains the fibious cord of the 
found ligament, which is the degenerated um- 
jilical vein of the foetus. Opposite the ex- 
ity of the transverse fissure the fibrous 
jord is often partially dilated and communi- 
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161 
Fig. 33. 
The under or concaypfsurface of the liver. 
Nos. 1, 1, the anterior border ; 2, 2, the posterior 
border; 3, the notch upon the anterior border; 
4, 4, the longitudinal fissure containing the fibrous 
cord of the round ligament ; 5, the fissure for the 
ductus venosus ; 6, the transverse fissure; 7, the 
point of union of the three fissures, the longitudinal, 
the transverse, and that for the ductus venosus ; 
9, the portal vein in the transverse fissure, the 
hepatic artery, and the trunk of the ductus commu- 
nis choledochus ; 11, the cystic duct; 12, the gall- 
bladder; 13, 13, the inferior vena cava passing 
through its fissure; 14, the cord of the ductus 
venosus, joining the inferior cava as that vessel 
emerges from the substance of the liver; 15, part 
of the oval space on the posterior border of the 
liver; 16, the right lobe; 17, the left lobe; 18, 
the lobulus quadratus; 19, the pons hepatis; 20, 
the lobus Spigelii ; 21, the lobus caudatus. 
cates with the portal vein. This is an indica- 
tion of the natural inosculation subsisting 
between these two vessels during intra-uterine 
existence. 
The transverse fissure (fig. 33, 6) (sulcus 
transversus, sulcus vene porte) is short and 
deep and about two inches in length; it com- 
mences near the middle of the under surface 
of the right lobe and passes transversely in- 
wards to join the longitudinal fissure. It is 
the hilus of admission to the vessels of the 
liver, and gives passage to the hepatic artery, 
portal vein, and hepatic ducts, as well as to the 
lymphatics and nerves. The transverse fissure 
is bounded before and behind by the elevated 
borders of the lobus  quadratus and lobus 
Spigelii. These lobes were named by the older 
anatomists the portal eminences, and were con- 
sidered as the pillars which flanked the en- 
trance to this great portal of the liver. 
The fissure or rather the fossa for the gall- 
bladder 1s the shallow angular depression which 
lodges the biliary sac. It is broad in front and 
generally marked by a notch upon the anterior 
border of the liver, and narrows as it passes 
backwards. It is situated in the right lobe 
and runs parallel with the jongitudinal fissure, 
while posteriorly it opens into the commence- 
ment of the transverse fissure. 
The fissure for the vena cava (fig. 33) is 
situated in the same longitudinal line with the 
preceding, but upon the posterior border of 
the liver. It commences at the under surface 
of the organ and terminates upon the upper 
part of the posterior border at about the middle 
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