166 
an irregularly pentagonal or hexagonal outline 
with sharp or rounded angles in proportion to 
‘the van or greater quantity of Glisson’s 
capsule contained within the liver. Each 
lobule is divided upon its exterior into a 
base and a capsular surface. The base 
(fig. 34, 4) corresponds with one extremity 
of the lobule, is flattened and rests upon an 
hepatic vein, which is thence named sub-lobular, 
The capsular surface (fig. 34, 3, 3) includes 
the rest of the periphery of the lobule, and has 
received its designation from being inclosed in 
a cellular capsule derived from the capsule of 
Glisson. In the centre of each lobule is a 
small vein, the intra-lobular (fig. 34, 5, 6, 
Jig. 35, 3.) which is formed by the conver- 
gence of six or eight minute venules from the 
rounded processes situated upon the surface of 
the lobule. The intra-lobular vein thus con- 
stituted takes its course through the centre of 
the longitudinal axis of the lobule, pierces the 
middle of its base, and opens into the sub-lo- 
bular vein. The circumference of the lobule 
with the exception of its base, which is always 
closely attached to a sub-lobular vein, is con- 
nected by means of its cellular capsule withthe 
capsular surfaces of surrounding lobules. The 
cellular interval between the lobules is the in- 
terlobular fissure (fig. 34, 8, fig. 35, 2), and 
the angular interstices formed by the appo- 
sition of several lobules are the interlobular 
spaces (fig. 34, 9, fig. 35, 1). 
Angular lobules in a state of anemia. From Kiernan’s 
‘ . Sree AG 
No. 1, interlobular spaces, containing the larger 
interlobular branches of the portal vein, hepatic 
artery and duct ; 2, interlobular fissures ; 3, intra- 
lobular veins formed by minute venules which con- 
verge towards the centre of the lobules, 
The lobules present considerable variety of 
form dependent upon their situation and upon 
the manner in which they are examined. For 
instance, the section of a lobule divided trans- 
versely has an irregularly pentagonal or hexa- 
gonal figure, and longitudinally a foliated a 
rance. The lobules of the centre of the 
Fiver are angular and smaller than those of the 
surface, on account of the pressure to which, 
from their position, they are submitted by sur- 
rounding lobules. They are also more an- 
gular in some animals than in man. The sur- 
face of the liver of the cat, in which the portal 
vein is injected, has a beautiful reticulated ap- 
pearance produced by angular meshes of an 
hexagonal figure; the hexagonal outline being 
NORMAL ANATOMY OF THE LIVER. 
formed by the interlobular fissures, reddenex 
the injection in the minute branches of 
a vein, and the included area by the 
ule viewed upon its transverse diameter, 
a section of the liver made from the free ma 
to the posterior border in the direction of 
hepatic veins, the lobules are found te 
larger than in a section made transverse 
those vessels. The lobules of the exterior 
ticularly on the concave side and px 
border, are for the same reason lar 
lying obliquely to the surface and corr 
ing in direction with the course of the 
lobular veins. They are also more x 
from the absence of compression b 
ing lobules. But one appearance deseril 
Kiernan is peculiarly cheractoristigill 
bules which form the surface of the livi 
superficial lobules. The word surface 
instance does not refer simply to the p 
of the organ, but also to the various 
channelled through its interior for t 
of the portal vein, hepatic ducts, and 
artery, and also for the main trunks of 
patie vein, “ all these canals beiog si 
“tubular inflections inwards e 
= of the 7 ; The superficial - 
- 34, 2, . 35) are not terminat 
a rounded jah ane like those of the 
but are flat and apparently incomp 
though cut across by a transverse ine’ 
peculiar form gives to the anatomist a— 
surface which affords all the advantages 
servation of a transverse section, and @ 
him to detect by external examination tl 
tive condition of both the central port 
surface of the lobule. In these é 
the intra-lobular hepati¢ vein, instead of 
entirely concealed within the lobule, comm 
directly from the flat surface. A knowle 
this structure, says Kiernan, “ enables us 
jecting the hepatic veins to limit the in 
to this system of vessels, which is effec 
withdrawing the syringe when the ir 
pons in minute points upon the sw . 
iver.”” Occasionally double lobules, or 
having two coerce veins, are seel 
the surface. ; 
“ Each lobule,” according to Kierna 
composed of a plexus of bili cts 
venous plexus formed by candi of the 
vein, of a branch (intra-lobular) of an _ 
vein, and of minute arteries ; nerves anda 
ents, it is to be presumed, also enter int 
formation, but cannot be traced into 
“ Examined with ~ microettiias alo 
a ntly com of numerous” 
bodies of a valent colour, and of | 
forms, connected with each other by ¥ 
These minute bodies are the acini of M: 
“If an uninjected lobule be examine 
contrasted with an injected lobule, it} 
found that the acini of Mal ini he: 
are identical with the inj obular p 
the latter, and the bloodvessels in both 1 
easily distinguished from the ducts.” 
Guisson’s capsuLeE is the web of e 
tissue which envelopes the hopes rtery, 
vein, and ductus communis choledochus d 
their passage through the right border of the! 
we. 
