196 
the surface of calculi of cholesterine; and 
secondly, laminated calculi composed of con- 
centric layers of sng. and carbonate of 
lime variously coloured and having a central 
nucleus. The latter form is, I believe, rare; 
I possess but one specimen; itis of large size, 
and rough and irregular upon the surface.* 
7. Entozou-~—The Entozoa met with in the 
human liver are hydatids or acephalocysts ; 
they are inclosed in a fibrous cyst and are con- 
tained in a single parent hydatid vesicle. The 
internal surface of the vesicle is soft and often 
pulpy, and covered by minute hydatids which 
are adherent to its sides. Besides these the 
parent vesicle is usually filled with a great 
number of smaller vesicles of variable size. 
The hydatid cyst generally occupies the right 
lobe of the liver and increases to a prodigious 
size, producing absorption of the structure of 
the organ, and forming adhesions with the 
neighbouring viscera. The existence of ace- 
phalocysts may sometimes be detected during 
life by the presence of a large tumour in the 
region of the liver, which forms a projection of 
the abdominal parietes, is soft and yielding to 
examination by the hand, and unaccompanied 
with symptoms denoting cancerous disease. 
Occasionally the cyst is hardened by deposits 
of cartilaginous or bony plates. Contiacting 
adhesions with surrounding parts, the hydatid 
cyst has discharged its contents externally 
through the abdominal parietes; more fre- 
quently, however, it opens into the alimentary 
canal, as into the stomach or colon. Occa- 
sionally it bursts into the cavity of the abdo- 
men, and in one case opened into the lungs, 
and many of the smaller hydatid sacs were 
ejected by coughing. 
Some small cysts have sometimes been ob- 
served in the liver containing a calcareous 
deposit, mingled with membranous substance 
resembling fragments of hydatid sacs. These 
cysts are supposed to result from the spon- 
taneous cure of acephalocysts. 
Small intestinal worms have now and then 
been found in the biliary ducts; these are 
imagined to have gained admission into those 
tubes from the duodenum through the ductus 
communis choledochus. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. — Normal anatomy.— Bianchi, 
Historia hepatica, Taurin. 1616, 4to. 1710, 8vo. 
Cortesius, De hepate, 1630. Rolfinkius, Dissertatio 
de hepate, &c. Jena, 1653.  Glisson, Anatomia 
hepatis, London, 1654. Sylvius de la Boe, De bile 
et hepatis usu, Lugd. Bat. 1660. Malpighi, De 
viscerum structura, Bologna, 1666, Lond. 1699. 
Bidloo, Anatomia corp. humani, Amstel. 1685. 
Hoffmann, De vena porte, Altnorf, 1687. Rever- 
horst, De motu bilis circulari, Lugd. Bat. 1692. 
Stahl, De vena portz, porta malorum, Halle, 1698. 
Pozzi, Commentariolo epist. pro gland. hepat. et 
Glissoni caps. &c. Funton, Brev. manducatio, 
hist. anat. corp. hum. Taurin. 1699. Wepfer, De 
hepate, 1700. Hartmann, De bile, in Halleri diss. 
anat. 1700. Helvetius, De structura hepatis, Lugd. 
Bat. 1711. Fuchs, De vena porte, Argent. 1717. 
* [Mr. Taylor has recently described a specimen 
of gallstone, consisting essentially of stearate of 
lime, ‘Lond, and Edin. Phil, Mag. 1840.—Ep. | 
ABNORMAL ANATOMY OF THE LIVER. 
Salzmann, De vena porte, in Halleri diss. om. 
vol. iii. Vater, Reply to Berger de novo bilis di- 
verticulo circa orificium ductus choledochi ut 
valvulosa colli vesice constructione, Viteb. 1720. 
In Halleri disp. anatom. vol. iii. Huber, De bile, 
Basle. 1733. Wainwright, Anatomical treatise on 
the liver with diseases, &c. Lond. 1737. Git 
De vena cava, vena ate Reseke ' 
venar. in hepate, Leipsic, e » Ope 
omnia, mnaetl i739. Walther, De vena por 
Lips. in Halleri diss. — vol. iii, 17394 
Seeger, De ortu et progressu bilis cystic. Lugd. 
in Halleri diss. vol. fii. 739-40. Me 
versaria anatomica, Lugd. Bat. 1741. 
De vesicula fellea, Argent. 1742, Westphal, | 
existentia ductuum hepatico-cysticorum in homin 
Gryphiez, 1742. Juncker, Singularia — x 
vesicam felleam ejusque bilem spect. Halle, 174 
Woertmann, De bile utilissimo Xvromomonme i 
mento, Ultraj. 1745. Bertrandi, Dissert 
de hepat. et oculo, Turin. 1746-48. JF 
Hep. historia anatomica, Lugd. Bat. 1748. 
rien, Sur la structure des visceres nom rlanc 
leux et particulierement sur celle des reins € 
foie. In Mem. de Paris, 1749. Haller, Disputa 
tiones anatomice, 1750. Ramsey, On the b 
Edinburgh, 1757. Schroeder, Experimenta ad ye 
riorem cystice bilis indolem declarandam cap 
Gottingen, 1764. Spielmann, Resp. J. M. Roede: 
experimenta circa naturam bilis, Argentor. 
om Experiments on the human bile, 
2. 
servationes de bile, Argentorat, 1774, 
De hepate, Strasbourg, 1775. in, Reply t 
Ambodick’s diss. de hepate, Aree 1 f 
Walter, Observationes anatomice, 1775. Sabatier, 
Traité d’anatomie, Paris, 1781. Van der Leww, 
De bilis indole ejusque jin chylificatione utilitate 
Groning. 1783. Goldwitz, Neue versuche zu ein 
wahren physiologie der Galle, Bamberg, 1 
Walter, De structura hepatis et vesicule fellex 
Annot. Acad. Berlin, 1786. De polyp. uteri 
hepate, Berlin, 1787. Richter, Expl. circa bilis 
naturam, Erlangen, 1788. B , Icon hex 
foetas octimestris, 1789. Thilow, De vasis bilem 
ex receptaculo ad renes ferentibus.  Ploucgu 
Reply to Bolley, exp. circa vim bilis chylific 
Tubingen, 1792. Saunders, A treatise on the struc 
ture, &c. of the liver, bile, and pres! Bm etion 
Lond. 1793. Sammering, De corporis humani fa 
brica, vol. vi. 1794. Niemeyer, Comment. de con 
mercio inter animi pathemat. hepar bi » Be 
Gottingen, 1795. Murray, Reply to F: ch, ¢ 
lineatio sciagraphica vene porte, Upsal, 179 
Metzger, Anatomia hepat. comparate specimel 
Regiom. 1796. ing, Ist die Leber Reinigungs 
organ? Vienna, 1798. Bichat, Anatomie deserig 
tive, Paris, 1801. Portal, Cours d’anatomie mi 
dicale, Paris, 1803. Hoeulieu, ip 
syst. ven. port. &c. Francfort, 1810. ma 
Diss. de hepatis in fotu magnitud. caus. ejus¢ 
functioni, Vratisl. 1817. Mappes, Dissert. de per 
tiori hepatis humani structura, Tubingen, 18) 
Bermann, Diss. de struct. hepatis ven. port. 
Felici, Osservaz. fisiologich. sopra le funzioni d 
milza, vena porte, del fegato, &c. Milan, 18) 
Walther, Diss. de psychica hepatis dignita 
Halle, 1818. Bichét, Anatomie generale, Pai 
1818. Mascagni, Prodromo della e anat 
Firenze, 1819. Beltz, Quedam de hepatis dig 
tate, Berlin, 1822. J. F. Mechel, Manuel d’an 
tomie, générale, descriptive, et patholog 
Translation by Jourdain and Breschet, 1825. 
tionnaire de Médecine, art. Foie, 1828. Aut h 
Ueber die Rindsubstanz der Leber. In Reil’ 
Archiv. vol. vii. Roose, Physiol. untersuch. Ist 
Galle im Blute? Wolf, De vesicule pellew hu- 
mane ductus, &c. In Act. Acad. Petrop. vol. 
Platner, Super vulgari doct. de funct, hepa 
&c. Questiones Physiol. vol. ii. Miiller, D 
glandularum secernent. struct. penit. Berlin, 183 
Voisin, Nouvel apergu sur la physiologie du foie et 
oy 
Utendorfer, Experimenta nonnulla et ob 
+ 
a 
r 
Ww 
