234 
are usually met with. The cervical, bronchial, 
and mesenteric glands are those most frequently 
affected, but all the absorbent glands are very 
often engaged. Louis states that in phthisis* 
the relative frequency of tuberculization of these 
glands is as follows,—the mesenteric, meso- 
cecal, meso-colic, cervical, lumbar, and axil- 
lary glands, and that the bronchial glands are 
as often affected as the mesenteric. 
The glands affected in children observe pretty 
nearly the same order as regards the relative 
frequency of the affection. They are always 
much enlarged, and frequently closely adherent 
to each other or neighbouring textures ; and the 
cheesy matter either infiltrates the tissue or is 
deposited in small portions in the glands. In 
an infant, which I had lately under my care in 
conjunction witn Mr. Holt, it was found, upon 
post-mortem inspection, that the severe cough 
with remittent dyspnea, under which the child 
sunk, was owing to a mass of enlarged bron- 
chial glands, of the size of a hen’s egg, filled 
with cheesy matter, pressing on the primary 
bronchi and on the pulmonary plexus of 
nerves. 
Cancer, melanosis, and encephaloid matter 
ate frequently found in these bodies, especiall 
when other organs have been similarly affected. 
Deposits of calcareous matter are likewise often 
met with in them, and, as far as my experience 
goes, in none more frequently than in the bron- 
chial glands ; these deposits occur generally in 
old subjects; they consist of phosphate of lime. 
It has been suggested that this calcareous phos- 
phate might be derived from the earthy matter 
of the bones ; and Andral relates two remark- 
able cases in which there was a coincidence 
between the deficiency of a certain quantity 
of osseous matter where it should naturally be 
deposited and its deposition in the lymphatic 
system. In one, a boy et. 16, the bronchial, 
mesenteric, and pelvic glands were occupied 
by calcareous concretions, and his lungs also 
contained them ; there was also an abscess in 
one of the iliac fosse, with erosion and de- 
struction of the os ilii. In a second case, a 
woman, et. 33, who died of acute pleuritis, 
supervening upon a chronic pulmonary affec- 
tion, the bodies of six vertebrx, the last dorsal 
and five lumbar, were found destroyed, and cal- 
careous concretions were found in the cervical, 
thoracic, bronchial, abdominal, pelvic, axillary, 
and inguinal glands. 
The black matter which is so often found in 
the bronchial glands must not be confounded 
with melanoid matter. We seldom examine a 
body that has passed adult age without finding 
more or less of this matter in the bronchial 
lands, derived doubtless from the pulmonary 
lack matter, which is conveyed to these glands 
by the pulmonary lymphatics. 
The changes which occur in the lymph itself 
have not as yet received any attention from pa- 
thologists. This fluid is, however, occasionally 
either mixed with or replaced by others in the 
lymphatic vessels. Cases are on record (Ma- 
jendie, Dupuytren) in which it is stated that 
_ * Dr. Cowan’s translation, p. 73. 
MAMMALIA. 
‘neum have been filled with blood, and that 
the lymphatics in the neighbourhood of san- 
guineous effusions into the pleura and perito- 
pus had been absorbed into them from a neigh- 
bouring abscess. Such cases require confirma 
tion with our present improved means of ob- 
servation, as it is difficult to understand hoy 
particles so large as the blood corpuscles 
the globules of pus, could have permeated t 
coats of the absorbent vessels. In future th 
microscope must be brought to our aid in 
examination of such cases. Authors rel 
likewise that bile has beeu found in the] 
phatics of the liver and in its neighbourho 
in cases where the flow of that fluid has be 
obstructed, (Mascagni, Saunders ;) and Tiede 
mann states that in dogs, in which he had ti 
the hepatic duct, the biliary secretion kev 
made its way into the lymphatics. Ear 
matter, as in the glands, has also been fou 
in the vessels themselves, and the tubereula 
encephaloid, or cancerous matter has likew 
been met with stopping up these vessels. 
$ 
For Bibliography, see that of ABSORPTIC 1. 
(R. B. Todd.) 
MAMMALIA.—(Lat. Mamma, a teat ; Ge 
Saiigethiere ; Fr. Mammiféres; Eng. Me 
mals.)\—The most highly organized class” 
animals, distinguished out ly by a total 
pores covering of hair, and generally | 
aving external teats or mamme, whence 
name. Mammals always possess mamma 
glands, and suckle their young; the fetus 
developed in the womb ; their leading at 
mical character is to have lungs com 
highly vascular and minutely cellular struet 
throughout, and suspended freely in a thora¢ 
cavity, separated by a muscular and tendiz 
septum or diaphragm from the abdomen. 
Mammals, like birds, have a heart compos 
of two ventricles and two auricles: they resp 
quickly, and have warm blood ; inspirat 
is performed chiefly by the agency of th 
phragm : the right auriculo-ventricular 
membranous, at least never entirely fle 
and the aorta bends over the left, never over! 
right bronchial tube. The primary branches 
the aorta are given off, not immediately ai 
but at a little distance from its a 
there is less constancy in the order of th 
origin than in birds: the phrenic arterie 
the ceeliac axis, and the superior mesenteric 
tery are always branches of the abdomina 
aorta, which terminates by dividing beyond tt 
kidneys into the iliac arteries, from whi 
spring both the femoral and ischiadie brat 
he caudal or sacro-median artery, which | 
some long-tailed Mammals assumes the ¢ 
racter of the continued trunk of the aor 
never distributes arteries to the kidneys or legs 
as in birds. The kidneys are nourished, and — 
derive the material of their secretion, exclusively — 
from the arterial system: their veins are sim 
ple, commencing by minute capillaries in the 
parenchyma, and terminating gonecaly by a 
single trunk on each side, in the abdominal 
ep, 
d 
