MAMMALIA. 
Order 1V. RUMINANTIA. 
1¢ Ruminantia, or the natural Order re- 
cognized by Aristotle under the name of 
MnpuxdQovra, subsequently adopted by all Zoo- 
logists, have their external and internal cha- 
racters alike conspicuous and cogent. These, 
according to Pallas are, incisors wanting in 
the upper jaw ; hoofs bifid ; habit of the whole 
body ; stomach quadruple; intestines very long 
with aceecum ; suet for fat; cotyledons in place 
of placenta. The genera included in this order 
are Camelus, Moschus, Cervus, A:goceros, Bos, 
Antilope. 
Order V. ANOMALOPODA. 
The genera grouped together by Pallas under 
this name differ, he observes, from each other 
in their dental apparatus and the structure of 
their feet, yet nevertheless are linked together 
by natural affinity (“ sed amen inter se naturali 
affinitate coherent’’). Thus Hippopotamus is 
allied to Equus, the horse to Rhinoceros and 
its congener Hydrecherus, and these to the 
genus Sus. The following characters are com- 
mon to the whole order: molares truncate, tritu- 
rating ; feet ungulate, supported on the digits ; 
stomach a macerator, with enormous colon and 
cecum; clavicles wanting; produce perfect ; 
Jood vegetable. 
The genera which Pallas exemplifies in this 
Order, which corresponds with the Pachyderma 
of Cuvier (the Proboscidians being excepted), 
are Equus, Sus, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus. 
Order VI. BELLU. 
In this Order,— characterized by incisors 
none; canines projecting from the upper jaw 
only, composed of ivory ; molars few; mamme 
pectoral (in which the Bellue mainly differ 
from the Anomalopoda); feet; with connate 
digits forming a shapeless sole ;—Pallas in- 
cludes the genera Elephas and Rosmarus, re- 
jecting therefrom the T'richecus or Manatee, 
as having the hind-feet coalescing with the tail, 
and therefore more rightly to be referred to the 
Cetaceous Order. In this latter view Cuvier 
agrees with Pallas. As to the rest it is scarcely 
necessary to say that the tusks of the Elephant 
differ from those of the Walrus in being im- 
planted in the inter-maxillary bones instead of 
the maxillaries, and are therefore regarded as 
incisors. 
Order VII. CETACEA, 
Pallas observes that since the Cetacea differ 
from the other Lactantia chiefly in having 
their boneless posterior extremities blended 
with the cartilaginous tail (“ quod artus posticos 
exosses, in caudam cartilaginibus fultam co- 
adunatos obtinent’’), the Manatus and Trichechus 
rightly fall under this Order, although they ap- 
proach more to the nature of Quadrupeds. 
Both the Manatus proper and the Rytina, 
which is the Manatus Borealis of Pallas, agree, 
however, with the true Cetacea in having no 
other rudiments of posterior extremities than 
some small pelvic bones. 
We shall now proceed to the arrangement 
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of the Mammalia proposed. by Cuvier in the 
last edition (1829) of the ‘ Régne Animal ;’ 
and this is the more interesting, as, in giving 
the outline of his method, he ae the 
principles on which the divisions ofthe class 
are founded. 
“ The characters by which Mammalia differ 
most essentially one from another are derived 
from the organs of touch, from which results 
their degree of dexterity, and from the organs 
of mastication, which determine the nature of 
their food; and, as a corollary to these, de- 
pends not only every thing which is connected 
with the digestive functions, but a variety of 
other circumstances relative even to their de- 
grees of intelligence. 
“ The perfection of the organs of touch is 
estimated by the number and mobility of the 
digits, and the extent to which they are inclosed 
in aclaw or in a hoof. A hoof which com- 
pletely incloses that part of the digit which 
touches the ground, precludes the exercise of 
it as an organ of touch or of prehension. The 
opposite extreme is where the nail, in the form 
of a simple lamina, covers only one side of the 
end of the digit, leaving the other side in pos- 
session of all its delicacy of tact. 
“The kind of food is indicated by the 
molar teeth, to the form of which the arti- 
culation of the jaws invariably corresponds. 
“ For cutting flesh, the molar teeth must be 
trenchant and serrated; and the jaws fitted to- 
gether, so as to move like the blades of a pair of 
scissors, simply opening and closing in the 
vertical direction. 
“ For bruising grains and roots, the molar 
teeth must have flattened crowns, and the jaws 
a horizontal motion : and further, that the grind- 
ing surface may be always unequal, like a 
millstone, the teeth must be composed of sub- 
stances of different degrees of density, and con- 
sequently wearing down in different proportions, 
“The ungulate quadrupeds are all of neces- 
sity herbivorous, or with flat-crowned molars 
(fig. 59), because the conformation of their feet 
does not permit them to seize living prey. 
Lower jaw, African Elephant. 
“ The unguiculate animals are susceptible of 
more variety. They are not limited to one kind 
of food ; and, besides the consequent variation 
in the form of their molars, they differ ma- 
terially from each other in the mobility and 
sensibility of their digits. There 1s, more- 
over, a characteristic which prodigiously. in- 
