250 
the nerves and the axillary artery to enter the 
angle of the jugular and subclavian veins. 
“Tf, therefore, the absorbent glands in the 
axilla are obstructed by disease of the breast, 
other absorbent vessels carry their fluid into the 
absorbents from the arm, and when their glands 
are obstructed other absorbent or lymphatic 
vessels are found to pass behind the scapula 
from the axilla to enter the cervical glands 
above and behind the clavicle. 
“ The absorbents of the sternal side of the 
nipple principally take two courses. 
‘The first accompany the vein and the 
artery to the second intercostal space between 
the second and third cartilages of the ribs, and 
penetrating the intercostal muscles, they pass 
to the anterior mediastinum, where they accom- 
pany the internal mammary artery and vein, 
and enter some absorbent glands. 
« A set of absorbent vessels from the sternal 
side of the breast, placed lower down, enter 
the intercostal muscles between the fourth and 
fifth cartilages of the ribs, and join the former 
in the anterior mediastinum. 
« After entering the anterior mediastinum a 
of those which pass from the right breast 
join some vessels from the convex surface of 
the liver, and are continued into the angle of 
the right jugular and subclavian veins, whilst 
those absorbents of the left breast which enter 
the anterior mediastinum pass to the angle of 
the left jugular and subclavian veins. 
“The deep-seated absorbent vessels which 
can be best injected from the ducts and milk cel- 
lules whilst the breast is in a state of lactation, 
arise from the mucous membrane of the lacti- 
ferous tubes and milk-cells, and form a plexus 
of great beauty in the interior of the gland. 
«“ These numerous absorbents, as seen in the 
preparation, unite into two principal vessels, 
which pass into the axilla, and there enter the 
same absorbent glands as those which receive 
the superficial absorbents. 
Those on the sternal side of the nipple pass 
into the anterior mediastinum, though some 
of them turn round above the nipple and enter 
the axillary glands. 
“« The deep-seated absorbents, many of them, 
join the superficial upon the convex or cuta- 
neous surface of the breast, and after passing 
through the glands in the axilla terminate with 
them at the angle of the jugular and subclavian 
veins. 
«“ But the absorbents of the concave or costal 
surface of the breast take a different course. 
They penetrate the intercostal muscles behind 
the breast and enter absorbent vessels which 
accompany the aortic intercostal arteries on the 
axillary side of the breast, but on the sternal 
side they join the internal mammary inter- 
costals ; the former pass into the thoracic duct 
in the posterior mediastinum ; the latter enter 
those vessels in the anterior mediastinum which 
I have already described.” 
The effect of age upon the mamma is to 
absorb its glandular structure, to load the ducts 
with mucus, to obliterate the milk cells, to 
excessively ossify the arteries, and to thin and 
MAMMARY GLANDS. 
wrinkle the nipple, and at length in a great 
degree to absorb it. But the deposition of fat 
occupying the place of the glandular structure, 
the general contour of the breasts in fat pe 
is maintained. 
On the mammary glands in the m 
credit of discovering the intimate structure 
this gland in the male is entirely due to Si 
Astley Cooper; nothing, we believe, wha 
ever having been known on the subjec 
vious to his researches. Its size 
different individuals; it is largest in 
light complexion and effeminate app 
‘“« The largest male glands which I have see 
says this author, “ were found in a man 
testes were remarkably small.” 
In some persons it is no bigger than a larg 
pea, in others an inch and a half or even 
inches. There are papilla on the nipple 
in the areola of the male as in the female, 0 
they are more minute and much less 
The cutaneous glands and tubercles are y 
similar in both sexes. ‘ 
“ The gland is constituted of two parts: 
first, of very minute cells, and, second) 
small conical ducts which divide into: 
rous branches in the glands, and termi: 
straight ducts which end in very minute orifi 
atthe nipple. In their form, in their 
sions, and in their course through the 
they all form a miniature resemblance 
gland and vessels of the mammary glan 
the female.” (Fig. 76.) The whole is § 
ported by a firm fascia, as in the female. 
Fig. 76. 
a 
Five ducts of the male gland, injected with | 
silver, exhibiting its ramifications and cells. 
ducts divide much in the same manner as those 
Semale. a 
Murat and Patissier, in the article 
refer to a case related by Dr. Renault of 
individual whose mamme were equal in siz 
those of the female and emitted a serous 
having the appearance of milk. The org 
generation were diminutive, the testicles a 
the size of a small nut, and his penis” 
mere tubercle, and, even in a state of ere 
only an inch and a half in length. Nev 
less he was given to venereal imtercourse 
all the usual habits of men. M 
This discovery of the glandular strz 
the male breast explains, most satisfac 
the cases which are on record of the sustena 
of the infant by the male parent after the dea 
of the female, the most authentic of whi 
is related by Humboldt in his travels. 
* Dict. des Sciences Méd. 
+ Vol. iii, p, 58. 
