| NOSE. 
nicate with the par vagum, to divide into two 
branches, one of which is distributed to the 
tongue and the other to the esophagus. Miiller 
_ States, that in the rattlesnake he has found this 
__ herve escaping from the cranium by a special 
Opening behind that for the eighth pair, with 
which it communicates, as also with the first 
cervical.* 
In Fishes, the last cerebral nerve is described 
by Weber as arising by three roots, the poste- 
rior having a ganglion, and passing out of the 
cranium by a special foramen in the occipital 
bone, and being distributed to the pectoral fin. 
__ From these circumstances Miller conceived 
that an analogy exists between the hypoglossal, 
_ Or ninth nerve, and the spinal nerves, and says, 
_ “ If we now take into consideration that the 
first spinal nerve in the human subject has 
_ Sometimes only an anterior root, and that the 
hypoglossal in man has only an anterior root, 
but that in some mammalia (according to the 
_ hypothesis of Mayer) it has a posterior root 
“also, it will be evident that the hypoglossal 
erve belongs to the class of spinal nerves, and 
is as it were the first spinal nerve, which, how- 
€ver, generally passes out through a foramen in 
the cranium; this consideration renders the 
ialogy between the last cerebral nerve in 
_ fishes and the hypoglossal nerve still greater.”’+ 
_ Physiology. —That the ninth pair is the 
“herve which influences the motions of the 
tongue is generally admitted, and that it de- 
Serves the name given to it of motor lingue 
_has been proved by the experiments of Mayo, 
4 ae and Muller. 
_ When in the living animal this nerve is ex- 
posed and excited by pinching or galvanism, 
lent spasms of the entire tongue are pro- 
ed, and its division is followed by paralysis 
| that organ. 
if On this subject Mayo performed the follow- 
ing experiment. “ I divided the ninth nerve 
_ On one side of the tongue in a dog; the ani- 
5 did not seem much incommoded, but 
_ flapped up milk readily. I then divided the 
@ on the opposite side; the animal ap- 
sared distressed, and did not again lap up the 
“milk offered to it, though it smelt to it; and 
finally, when mustard was smeared on its nos- 
 trils, it made no use of its tongue to remove 
7 though evidently suffering from it.” Further, 
Ae ae found that when the nerve was divided 
on both sides in a rabbit, and the tongue drawn 
out of the mouth, the animal had not the 
| power of again retracting it. 
i “hed interesting case is related by Montault 
nd quoted by Miiller, where a tumour pressing 
0n the ninth nerve of the left side at its exit 
from the cranium produced an atrophy of this 
| Nerve; the symptoms were paralysis of the left 
de of the tongue with gradual wasting of the 
n on that side ; but the sense of taste was 
} Mot in the least affected, being as perfect on 
the paralysed side as on the other. 
Weare warranted from these facts in consi- 
_™ Elements of Physiology. 
+ See Elements ot Physiology. 
4 See Mayo, Commentaries, part ii. p. 11. 
723 
dering the ninth nerve as that which influences 
the motions of the tongue in articulation and 
deglutition ; but, besides directing the motions 
of the tongue, the ninth nerve influences the mo- 
tions produced upon the os hyoides by the sterno- 
hyoid, sterno-thyroid, and thyro-hyoid muscles, 
which muscles receive branches, as before de- 
scribed, from the ninth and cervical plexus. 
The importance of this connection in action of 
these muscles with the tongue, in the perform- 
ance of the functions of articulation and deglu- 
tition, is obvious; and in the turkey Miller 
has found a long branch going from this nee 
to supply the muscles which in that bird_ 
shorten the trachea. ; 
It is asserted that the ninth nerve, in addition 
to its motor influence, is also endowed with a 
certain degree of sensibility, and that, if the 
nerve be stretched or pinched in a living ani- 
mal, there is evidence of the animal suf- 
fering pain; this has been tried on dogs and 
cats. Now if in these animals this nerve has 
a double origin, this would be easy to under- 
stand; but Mayer himself could not detach a 
posterior root in the cat; so that if this nerve, 
either in man or other animals, has any of the 
properties of a nerve of sensation, it is owing 
to the filaments which it receives from the cer- 
vical plexus. But the degree of sensibility 
communicated to the tongue through the in- 
fluence of this nerve in this way must be very 
trifling; and it is now as well proved that the 
tactile sensibility of the tongue is owing princi- 
pally to the influence of the gustatory branch 
of the fifth, as that the motions of that organ 
are directed by the influence of the ninth pair. 
(G. Stokes.) 
NOSE. (Human Anatomy.)—(Gr. giv; Lat. 
Nasus; German, Nase; French, Nez; Italian, 
Naso; Dutch, Neus.) The nose is the organ 
of the sense of smell, and a part of the appara- 
tus of respiration and voice, and in accordance 
with the variety of its oftices is complex both in 
form and in structure, many different tissues en- 
tering into its composition. The most simple 
method of describing its anatomy in man is 
the synthetical; I shall thetefore give an ac- 
count, first, of its skeleton, composed of bones 
and cartilages ; and then, in succession, of each 
of the parts placed on the skeleton, and subser- 
vient to its several functions. 
The bones of the nose are chiefly concerned in 
the formation of the internal deeply-seated part 
of the organ, that part which is called the nasal 
fossee, (cave nares, or nares interné, ) or the ca- 
vities of the nose. These cavities are open 
widely anteriorly to the atmosphere, and poste- 
riorly to the pharynx. The anterior aperture 
is, in the osseous skeleton, heartshaped, broader 
below than above, bounded below and on each 
side by the palatine and ascending processes of 
the superior maxillary bones, and above by the 
nasal bones. Its borders are, in the lower half, 
smoothly rounded; in the upper half, sh 
and uneven. Below and in the middle line 
the anterior nasa} spine projects forwards and 
upwards; and above it is the osseous septum, 
which divides the fosse into two equal er 
3 A 2 
