the olfactory nerves run from above downwards, 
and those in which the naso-palatine nerves lie 
are directed forwards ; at its lower margin also 
is a particular groove in which a large blood- 
vessel runs. The outer surface is concave and 
smoother than the inner, and forms the inner 
boundary of the middle meatus of the nose. 
On the outer wall of this meatus, which is a 
_ much larger channel than the superior one, ex- 
tending through nearly the whole length of the 
outer wall of the nasal fossz, there are pre- 
sented from before backwards, after removing 
_ the turbinated bone,—1. a part of the ascend- 
ing process of the upper jaw-bone; 2. part of 
_the inner surface of the lachrymal bone; 3. the 
walls of some of the anterior ethmoidal cells; 
4, the infundibulum, along, narrow, and slightly 
_eurved passage, leading obliquely upwards and 
forwards into the anterior ethmoidal cells, and 
rough them into the frontal sinuses; 5. the 
trance into the antrum, a large aperture of 
ertain size and form; and, lastly, a flat 
_ surface of the vertical plate of the palate bone. 
Below the middle meatus is the inferior 
~ turbinated bone, the largest of the three, and 
lly described as a separate bone, because 
it is not so soon united to the adjacent bones. 
it is very uncertain in form and size; its depth 
specially varies; so that its lower border some- 
s nearly touches the floor of the nasal ca- 
and sometimes is half an inch above it; 
Ometimes, also, it is so much curled outwards 
at it nearly forms a canal between its outer 
order and the outer wall. On the whole, 
wever, this turbinated bone presents the 
me general characters as the others. Its 
per margin is fixed to a prominent ridge 
ong nearly the whole length of the outer wall 
the nasal fossee ; its lower margin is free, 
ts outer surface forms the inner boundary 
ie inferior meatus of the nose, of which 
outer boundary is formed by the ascending 
s of the superior maxillary (k) and palate 
s. At the anterior part of this meatus is 
inferior orifice of the nasal canal, a passage 
med at its sides, larger at its extremities 
‘in the middle, and passing, with a slight 
r curve, upwards, forwards, and a little 
tds to the inner angle of the orbit. It 
the nasal duct. At the level of this 
s also, behind the edge of the internal 
oid plate, and about midway between 
or of the nose and the end of the inferior 
ated bone, is the opening of the Eusta- 
tube; but nothing of this is seen in the 
The inner wall of each cavity of the nose 
s formed by the septum, a median partition 
composed of the perpendicular plate of the 
moid bone, and the vomer, whose edges cor- 
pond to ridges formed at the median sutures 
of th eerenpenor maxillary, and palate bones, 
| and on the inferior surfaces of the frontal and 
| sphenoid bones. The septum is not commonly 
quite vertical: it may lean to either side, or 
iloy be curved slightly in both directions, or 
\May be convex on both sides and have a cavity 
fins interior. 
RL 
ee cl ae 
? 
— 
Of 
Each of its sides exhibits at 
: upper and back part the grooves of some of 
Op acd ae 
NOSE, 
725 
the olfactory nerves, becoming more shallow as 
they descend ; and in various parts it is slightly 
marked by the passage of bloodvessels and 
other nerves. 
Thus, the bones which form the proper 
cavities of the nose are fourteen; viz.—the two 
nasal, two superior maxillary, two palatine, the 
two inferior, and two sphenoidal turbinated, 
bones, the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and vomer. 
And, with the space which these enclose, many 
adjacent cavities communicate; viz—1. The 
frontal sinuses, which open through the ante- 
rior ethmoid cells and infundibulum into th 
middle meatus. 2. The anterior ethmoid cells, » 
which open by the same canal or by separate 
apertures, into the same meatus. 3. The pos- 
terior ethmoidal cells, which open into the 
superior meatus. 4. The sphenoidal sinuses, 
which open through the posterior part of the 
roof of the nose behind the same meatus: and 
5. The antrum, which opens into the middle 
meatus. 
The osseous parts hitherto described form the 
skeleton of the interior of the nose, but con- 
tribute little to the formation of its external 
prominent part. Of this part the osseous ske- 
leton is composed of the two nasal bones, and 
. the nasal or ascending processes of the superior 
maxillary bones, which together form the bridge 
of the nose and a small portion of its lateral 
walls. Each nasal bone is elongated, quadri- 
lateral, and narrower above than below. Its 
anterior surface is convex from side to side, and 
either presents a double curve from above down- 
wards, or is slightly concave in its whole length. 
The two together form a prominent arch above 
and in front of the anterior aperture of the nose: 
their surface is continued outwards and down- 
wards over the ascending processes of the supe- 
rior maxillary bones, is smooth, and is marked 
only by small apertures giving passage to blood- 
vessels and nerves. 
The internal edges of the nasal bones are 
united in the median line by a straight suture, 
the continuation of the sagittal.suture. In front 
their union is smooth; but behind and above, 
where the bones are much thicker than they are 
below, a deep ridge or crest is formed which is 
received into that part of the septum of the 
nose which is formed by the nasal spine of the 
frontal bone, and the vertical plate of the 
ethmoid. Sometimes, however, these margins, 
instead of forming a ridge, are separate, and en- 
close a groove in which the edge of the septum 
is received. The superior thick borders of the 
nasal bones articulate by a serrated suture with 
the notch and the nasal spine of the frontal 
bone; and this suture, which forms part of the 
great transverse suture, is continued into that 
uniting the nasal processes of the superior 
maxillary bones with the internal angular pro- 
cesses of the frontal. The outer and largest 
margin of the nasal bone articulates with the 
nasal process of the superior maxillary, and is 
slightly overlapped by its sharp edge. The lower 
free margin is sharp and uneven. 
The median suture of the nasal bones, and 
the short portion of the sagittal suture imme- 
diately above it, are the parts of the median 
