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1. Pyramidalis, (Casserius ; procerus, San- 
torini; sronto-nasal, Chaussier.) This (c, fig. 
403) cannot be strictly called a separate muscle 
of the nose, and it is described with the, front- 
alis by Haller, Theile, and many others. It 
consists of those fibres of the median portion 
of the frontalis muscle which descend in a 
fasciculus over the upper part of the nose. 
They terminate in the cellular tissue covering 
the superior cartilage, and, through its medium, 
they are attached to the cartilage itself, and to 
the adjacent border of the nasal bone; many of 
them also are continued onwards and mingled 
with the upper fibres of the triangularis nasi 
(e), with el aponeurosis, moreover, theirs 
is always continuous. At their inner margin 
these fasciculi are in contact above, but they 
diverge below as they pass over the surface of 
the nasal bones, and they thus assume that 
appearance of two distinct slender triangular 
slips of muscle which led Santorini to give 
them a distinct name, though they have not 
that distinct origin which he assigns to them. 
The pyramidales do not appear to have the 
power of acting alone. When the rest of the 
frontalis contracts, and, by drawing down the 
scalp, wrinkles the skin of the forehead, they 
also act, raising and tightening the skin over 
the upper part of the bridge of the nose. They 
produce the same effect when the brows are 
drawn up, as in surprise. 
2. Levator labii superioris aleque nasi, (Al- 
binus, Weber, &c.; pyramidalis, Santorini ; 
oblique, ou lateral, Winslow; elevateur com- 
mun, Bichat, Bourgery, &c.) This, (d, d, fig. 
403,) which is the largest and strongest of the 
muscles of the nose, arises, internally, by a 
narrow slip of fibres from the upper and outer 
part of the ascending process of the superior 
maxillary bone, and, externally, by a broader 
origin from below the inner part of the lower 
border of the orbit. Its origins are covered by 
the orbicularis palpebrarum, and from them its 
fibres proceed downwards and diverge. About 
two-thirds of them pass to the outer part of 
the upper lip, mingling with the fibres of the 
orbicularis oris (i) and levator labii proprius, 
and inserted for the most part in the skin; the 
remainder go downwards and a little forwards 
over the posterior third of the ala of the nose. 
Of these last, some are attached more or less 
intimately to the posterior parts of the inferior 
cartilage and the membrane in which it is im- 
bedded ; many more terminate in the skin over 
the lower part of the ala, and are there mingled 
with fibres which run in various directions, but 
usually form a complete layer of muscular fas- 
ciculi beneath the skin of the outer border of 
the nostril. 
In contracting, the nasal portion of this 
muscle draws up the ala of the nose, espe- 
cially its posterior and lower half; and as the 
cartilage and other dense tissues of this part 
do not admit of wrinkling, the muscle, in its 
full action, turns the nostril outwards, and 
expands its aperture at the same time that it 
wrinkles the skin above it. 
3. Triangularis, (Cloquet, Bourgery, &c.; 
transversus, Santorini, Winslow, Theile; com- 
NOSE. 
pressor nasi, Albinus, Haller; ¢, e, fig. 403) is 
a thin pale muscle whose origin is covered by the 
ing. It arises by a narrow aponeurosis 
from the upper and outer part of the canine 
fossa, behind and external to the base of the ala 
of the nose. Its fibres thence diverge, the lower 
ones passing almost horizontally, the upper 
ones forwards and inwards, and they form a 
thin triangular muscle which covers the upper — 
part of the ala of the nose and reaches to the 
dorsum. Sometimes many of its fibres pass — 
over the dorsum of the nose and mingle with 
those of the muscle of the opposite side; but 
more often there intervenes between the two 
muscles a pliant fibro-cellular expansion, into 
the borders of which many of their fibres are 
inserted, and which thus forms a kind of me-- 
dian aponeurosis extending over the front of the — 
nose and enabling both the muscles to act — 
at once and equally upon it and the ala. In — 
general, also, the upper or outer fibres of this — 
muscle aré continuous with those of the pyra- — 
midalis or are fixed in its aponeurosis; and th i 
s 
lower fibres are mingled with fibres of the 
pressor ale nasi, and pass into the i 
assemblage of fibres beneath the skin he 
lower border of the ala. Many of the fibre 
are connected through their whole course more 
or less intimately with the other tissues of the 
ala and the skin; and probably it was from 
this last circumstance that Santorini was in- 
duced to describe this muscle as having the 
whole of its origin among the fibres of the 
levator labii superioris aleque nasi, or rather 
as a muscle peculiar for having its middle p r- 
tion fixed (on the dorsum of the nose) and its 
two extremities moveable in the substance 
each side of the upper lip. 
These muscles have been described by som 
as compressors, by others as dilators of t 
nose, and in different circumstances they pre 
bably do act very differently. When the c at 
or maxillary insertion of each is fixed, th 
assist in compressing the nostrils, and in cot 
bination with the true depressors (presently 
be described) their lower fibres draw the a 
backwards. When, on the other hand, 
take their fixed point in the median apone 
on the dorsum of the nose, and contract te 
it. those of their fibres which are conne 
with the skin will wrinkle it, as in the act 
‘sneering, and those which are attached to 
deeper tissues of the ala will draw it upw: 
and in some degree expand the nostril. W 
they compress the nostrils they commonly 
draw backwards the apex of the nose iT 
manner usually seen in the act of 
carefully. 
4. Depressor ale nasi, (Haller, 
A 
Theile; Myrtiformis, seu pinne dilatator, 
torini; Petit dilatateur de Vaile du nez, : 
gery ; incisif mitoyen, Winslow; dilatatorna 
Arnold ; f. fig. 403) arises by short aponeu 
fibres from the alveolar margin above th 
cond incisor and canine teeth of the upper j 
below and on the inner side of the origin 
the triangularis. Its fibres proceed upwi 
forwards, and inwards, some going to the 
terior part of the skin under the sides of 
