septum, and many more to that of the ale; 
many of them, also, first rising and then de- 
scending, form arches which are continued over 
_ the outer and posterior margin of the nostril, 
and are mingled with the fibres of the two 
preceding muscles, where they meet in the skin 
covering that part. 
These muscles draw back and flatten the 
nostrils. Some of their fibres are mingled with 
those of the depressor labii superioris, or su- 
perior incisive muscle, and, whenever they act, 
the upper lip is fixed and somewhat elongated. 
5. jon sai septi narium, or nasalis labii 
superioris, (Haller, Albinus; naso-labial, Bour- 
gery; k, fig.403;) may be regarded as a part of 
the upper portion of the circumference of the 
orbicularis oris, from which several fibres pro- 
_ ceed forwards and inwards, converging from 
_ each side towards the septum of the nose. They 
are attached to the fibro-cellular tissue at the pos- 
erior borders of the nostrils, and the middle 
fibres pass forwards under the septum between 
it and the skin of the columna, many of them 
_ extending nearly to the tip of the nose. 
When the rest of the orbicularis is fixed, this 
portion will draw the columna and the apex of 
he nose backwards and downwards; and when 
rest of the orbicularis is relaxed, it will 
ww the middle of the upper lip upwards. 
_ 6.1 have mentioned a layer of pale mus- 
sular fibres arranged in various directions under 
“the skin of the lower part of the ala nasi, 
‘among which fibres of the compressor, de- 
ssor, and levator ale nasi appear to mingle. 
is by these fibres that the dilatation of the 
til is commonly effected; for, as any one 
ay feel and see in his own person, this act is 
bt usually performed by any of the muscles 
et described, but by fibres which are situated 
blow the triangularis and entirely within the 
‘Moveable part of the ala. In most instances, 
_ ho definite arrangement of these fibres can be 
"a ived; yet they certainly sometimes form 
"y Bee: fasciculi, which may be described as 
Separate muscles. Arnold makes from them 
wo muscles: 1. Compressor narium minor, 
_ &fig. 403), a small triangular muscle pass- 
g from the skin of the tip of the nose back- 
wards and a little upwards, with its fibres 
diverging, to the anterior part of the inferior 
_ ¢artilage. Theile has never seen this muscle; 
in One very muscular subject I found a dis- 
t trace of it; and it nearly corresponds to 
hat which Santorini has drawn, (tab. i. e, e) 
d which he says he once saw in action du- 
ring dyspnea in a woman. He regarded it 
asa dilator of the anterior part of the pinna; 
ld considers it a compressor; the former 
{ on is the more probable. 2. Arnold 
bas figured a larger quadrilateral muscle, /e- 
_ vator ale nasi proprius (h, fig. 403), which is 
“nearly the same as Theile’s dilalator narium 
| «anterior, Theile describes it as arising from 
| the upper edge and outer surface of the inferior 
Cartilage, its origin extending from within two 
lines of the dorsum of the nose to the sesa- 
‘moid cartilages. Hence its fibres proceed 
‘downwards and are lost in the skin on the 
| anterior part of the edge of the nostril. Its 
‘ NOSE. 
_if not with the naked eye. 
729 
action is to draw the anterior part of the ala 
outwards, and thus to dilate the nostril. Theile 
also describes a dilatator narium posterior, 
which may be found by removing all the 
fibres of the common levator, the depressor 
ale nasi and the triangularis. A mass of cel- 
lular tissue is thus exposed on the inferior and 
posterior part of the ala, in which muscular 
fibres may always be seen with the microscope, 
They arise ge 
nous from the edge of the ascending process of 
the superior maxillary bone and from the Ssesa- 
moid cartilages, and thence descending are lost_ 
in the skin of the posterior half of the edge of 
the nostril. Their action is to draw the poste- 
rior part of the ala outwards, and thus to dilate 
the nostril. 
7. One more muscle may be mentioned, 
though it is only. indirectly connected with the 
nose. It is that named rhomboideus by San- 
torini (tab. i. f), and anomalus by Albinus, 
from its being fixed at both its ends to immovable 
points. Its origin is confounded with that of 
the triangularis at the upper and outer part of 
the canine fossa; whence its fibres proceed in 
a broad fasciculus upwards and inwards in the 
fossa by the side of the nose to be attached to 
the surface of the superior maxillary bone close 
to the outer origin of the levator communis. 
The strength of the fibres of this singular mus- 
cle indicates that they must act frequently; but 
the only effect which their contraction can be 
supposed to have is that of tightening and 
drawing in the tissues over them with which 
they are pretty closely connected. . 
The purposes served by the muscles of the 
nose are but few. Their action contributes 
little to the various expressions’ of the con- 
dition of the mind. The sneer of contempt 
is perhaps the only expression in which they 
take achief part. In extreme fear they appear 
also to be all contracted; but in this they are 
affected in common with the other muscles of 
the face, which all seem to be seized by a tem- 
porary spasm. Their other acts have reference 
to respiration, and are observed in their ex- 
treme degrees, in the dilatation of the nostrils 
to permit the freer ingress of the air in dys- 
pnea, and in their contraction in the endea- 
vour to perceive a slight odour, by drawing the 
air quickly upwards towards the seat of the 
most numerous filaments of the olfactory nerve. 
Integuments of the nose-—I\n their general 
characters these resemble the skin and mucous 
membrane of other parts: their peculiarities 
alone therefore need be here described. 
The skin of the nose is smooth and fine, its 
papillz being small and its cuticle very thin. 
It is soft, also, and pliant, and usually abun- 
dantly furnished with the sebaceous secretion. 
The hairs growing in it are numerous and ex- 
ceedingly fine, so that many have denied their 
existence; the largest and most closely set are 
at the lower part of the ale. The follicles 
enclosing them are deep and narrow; the co- 
nical pulps long and slender. The sebaceous 
glands are narrow and elongated ; they lie near 
the sides of the follicles, have very short ducts, 
and are placed at but a little distance below 
