730 
the surface of the skin. Their secretion is 
copious, so that after death a mass of seba- 
ceous matter may be squeezed from. the orifice 
of each hair-follicle; and their ducts as well 
as the follicles themselves are said to be espe- 
cially liable to be infested by the acarus fol- 
liculorum \ately discovered by Dr. Simon.* I 
find none of the simple utricular follicles de- 
scribed by Cloquet and others in the skin of 
the nose; probably they were empty hair fol- 
licles. 
On the upper three-fourths of the nose, the 
skin moves freely on the subjacent bones and 
cartilages, a thin layer of pliant cellular and 
adipose tissue being placed between them. In 
the lower fourth, and especially about the base 
of the nose, the skin is thicker and more com- 
ct than it is above; there is very little fat 
neath it, and what there is is arranged in 
‘small and discrete granules; and the cutis, 
muscle, and fibrous membrane are so closely 
connected that they are moved together as one 
mass. 
At the nostrils the skin of the nose turns in- 
wards and is continuous with the mucous 
membrane, which, after lining the nasal fosse 
and the cavities opening into them, is con- 
tinued into the pharynx through the posterior 
nares, and into the nasal duct and Eustachian 
tube. The boundary between the skin and 
mucous membrane cannot be strictly drawn. 
It may be fixed, however, at the part just below 
which those hairs are implanted which con- 
verge from the inner circumference towards the 
centre of the nostril, so as to entangle any light 
body floating in the inspired air. These hairs 
are of the kind named wibrisse. Like the eye- 
lashes they are short, stiff, slightly curved, and 
pointed at their free extremities; and they are 
peculiarly well adapted for examining the mi- 
nute structure of hair. In them also, as well 
as in the eye-lashes, one may best see the mode 
in which hairs are shed. In all which fall off 
spontaneously, or which, being about to fall, 
may be pulled away without pain, the conical 
’ cavity at the lower end, into which the vascular 
pulp fitted, is closed, having gradually con- 
tracted and shifted itself off the pulp as the 
hair ceased to be nourished and died. 
The follicles of these hairs are similar to 
those of the hairs of the externa! integument, 
and each of them is associated with sebaceous 
glands, which, like those accompanying the 
hairs about the orifice of the vagina, are more 
numerous than in parts less exposed to the con- 
tact of fluids. A whorl of four or more small 
glands is often associated with a single hair- 
follicle; and when the hairs fall off, and their 
follicles partially close, the glands open, as if 
directly, by a common duct upon the surface. 
The mucous membrane (Schneiderian or pitu- 
itary membrane) of the nose is far from uni- 
form in its different parts. It is everywhere, 
and in some parts inseparably, connected with 
the periosteum or perichondrium which imme- 
diately covers the bones and cartilages, and 
which is often spoken of as the internal or deep 
* Miiller’s Archiv. 1842, p. 218. 
NOSE. 
layer of the fibro-mucous membrane ; but, whe 
the latter is in all parts nearly similar, differing — 
only in thickness and degree of ity, 
the mucous membrane itself presents con- 
siderable diversities. a 
In the antrum and other supplemental cavi- 
ties of the nose the mucous membrane is th in, 
but little vascular, and of the simplest kind, 
having neither papille nor glands embedded 
in it. On the turbinated bones, the septum, 
and the floor of the nostrils, it is thick, spongy, 
red, and turgid with blood collected in the 
lexus of large vessels in its areolar tissue. 
ese vessels seem to form in some partsa 
distinct layer between the perios and the 
proper mucous membrane, but they are ex 
actly analogous to those of the areolar or sub 
mucous tissue of other compound 
membranes, in all of which there is a plane o 
large vessels from which those of smaller si 
ascend to the a tus disposed u tb 
surface. In die hneiderian pratt oe he 
veins of this plexus far exceed the arteries it 
size, and their close connection with the vein 
within the skull may be a provision for re 
lieving the latter when subjected to an undt 
pressure of blood. The epistaxis of pletho 
rsons and of those who read hard 
as its origin in this connection; for the pr 
sure of the blood in the congested cereb 
vessels being communicated to the walls” 
these of the mucous membrane, these w 
burst more readily than those which are 
every side supported by scarcely yielding 
ra The size of these veins, too, nd 
cility with which they permit distens 
(almost resembling in this the veins of 
erectile tissue,) account for the rapidity 
which the membrane sometimes swells up, 
as ina minute or two to obstruct the pass 
of the nose. ' 
The free surface of that portion of the 
cous membrane which lines the proper cat 
of the nose is smooth. It presents the oril 
of many simple follicles or crypts. 
most numerous about the lower and 
parts of the walls of the fosse, are of 
sizes, and in many places lie in or 
The follicles hemnpclvad are hemisphe i 
deep and more or less elongated. 
and anterior part of the septum, there is 
a single long duct running horizontal 
leading to a collection of gland-cells wh 
appear to open into it; and, generally 
others of the larger orifices are connect 
composite glands. “—- 
The epithelium of the nose is, in part 
laminated, in part of the ciliary, kind. — 
says that if an imaginary plane section 
nose be made from the anterior free be 
the nasal bones to the anterior na: 
the superior maxillary bones, all the 
membrane below and in front of this 
covered by laminated epithelium, and a 
and behind it by ciliary epithelium. The 
covers not only all the walls of the nasal 
but is continued from them to the sui 
MmuUuc 
Rt 
* Allgemeine Anatomie, p. 246, 
“ 
