oar 
po il 
TL 
Branches of the olfactory and naso-palatine nerves on 
the septum of the nose, 
branches proceed which again form finer plex- 
uses. They may be traced nearly to the lower 
fourth of the septum. 
. The external or labyrinthic branches are 
_ rather more numerous and smaller. They 
_ diverge and ramify like the preceding, lying in 
the channels and grooves upon the upper two 
 turbinated bones. They have been traced to 
the lower border of the middle turbinated bone, 
but not to its outer concave surface, nor to any 
part below it; yet the similarity of the structure 
and arrangement of the inferior turbinated bone 
and the mucous membrane over it makes it 
. very robable that they ramify on it also. The 
mi dle branches are the longest; the posterior 
_ ones form curves directed backwards towards 
e sphenoidal sinuses, but not entering them. 
the posterior angle of the middle turbinated 
1e some of them are described by Mr. Swan* 
_by Soemmering as anastomosing with a 
nch from the spheno-palatine ganglion ; but 
falentin + could not find any such communica- 
ay tion. A few branches in addition to these are 
_ said to be distributed in the membrane covering 
_the cribriform plate itself (Cloquet). 
How the primitive filaments of the olfactory 
ere terminate has not yet been ascertained ; 
their softness and the density of the tissue in 
which they lie have hitherto prevented an accu- 
rate observation of them in this part of their 
____ Compared with the other nerves the olfactory 
_ present many peculiarities of structure and 
arrangement, especially in the part which is 
within the skull. 1. They are the softest of the 
_ herves within the skull, possessing only the 
_ most delicate neurilema; and a rather less de- 
i‘) ee this softness is characteristic of their 
4 ranches, so that their dissection is more diffi- 
cult than that of any others of equal size. 2. 
They have grey nervous matter both upon and 
. Ween their fasciculi, and their bulbs are not 
1 ga Bee oenirations of the Nerves, folio, p. 14, pl. 
x1. . . . 
+ Loc. c. p. 303. 
NOSE. 
733 
like the ganglions of other nerves, but like 
portions of the brain, 3. They are not, as 
other nerves, cylindrical, but triangular in one 
and flat in another part of their course. 4. 
Their trunks converge, while those of all 
others diverge from their origins. 5. They 
liein deep furrows on the surface of the brain, 
and they leave the skull by several distinct 
orifices. In many of these characters they are 
more like portions of brain than nerve ad, 
as Valentin observes, there is no other ner 
in the adult human body which shows its 
origin as an immediate prolongation of the 
central nervous mass so plainly as these do. 
It was on account of these characters that the 
olfactory nerves were regarded by the an- 
cient anatomists as processes of the brain 
(mamillary or papillary processes), through 
the central canals in which they supposed 
that the pituitary humour was carried from 
the lateral ventricles to the nose, and air was 
drawn into them by the nostrils. And al- 
though this notion was derived from dissect- 
ing the nerves of animals in which the trunks 
remain hollow, yet their true nature was 
doubted on the same grounds by many, even 
after Willis had demonstrated their structure in 
man.* 
In accordance with its numerous offices, the 
nose receives, in addition to these,—the nerves 
of its peculiar sense,—others for common sen- 
sation, for the movements of its muscles, and 
for the government, in some degree at least, of 
the organic processes which are carried on in 
it. Its sensitive and organic nerves are de- 
rived from the internal nasal or ethmoidal 
branch of the first or ophthalmic division of the 
fifth, from the naso-palatine and numerous other 
branches, from the spheno-palatine ganglion, the 
nasal branches of the Vidian, palatine, anterior 
dental, and infra-orbital nerves; all of which 
are described under the title Frrru parr or 
NERVES. Its motor nerves are supplied by 
the facial or seventh pair [SEVENTH PAIR OF 
NERVES]. 
Vessels of the nose.—Its arteries are derived 
from the ophthalmic, the internal maxillary, 
and the facial. The ophthalmic artery gives it 
the anterior ethmoidal, which enters with the 
ethmoidal nerve, the posterior ethmoidal, and 
the nasal, which anastomoses near the angle of 
the eye with the angular branch of the facial 
artery. From the internal maxillary trunk the nose 
and the adjacent cavities are supplied through 
many branches, namely, the alveolar, which 
sends branches into the antrum, the infra-or- 
bitar, of which the terminal branches partly 
supply the skin, the Vidian, anterior palatine, 
pterygo-palatine, and spheno-palatine, each of 
which, as it passes towards or through the canal 
after which it is named, sends branches to the 
mucous membrane of the adjacent part of the 
nose or of the cavities opening into it. From 
the facial artery branches are derived both 
through the superior labial and from the trunk 
itself. Indeed, the dorsal arteries of the nose 
may generally be regarded as the termination 
* See Cloquet, and Metzger, I. c., and Sprengel, 
Histoire de la Médecine, iv. p. 69. 
