NUTRITION. 
eases of other parts. One form in which they 
appear is, that of common cancer of the mu- 
cous membrane analogous to the hard or warty 
cancer of the skin, and pursuing the same 
course of apparently unresisted ulceration as 
that disease does. It occurs in old persons, 
and usually makes its progress very slowly, 
destroying all the adjacent parts till the patient 
is exhausted, or till it affects by its contiguity 
the brain, as in a case mentioned by Mr. Haw- 
kins. The other chief form in which the nose 
___ is affected by malignant disease is that of the 
soft or medullary cancer; but it is not certain 
whether this has yet been seen as a primary 
disease of the mucous membrane, or whether 
it be not always seated at first in some deeper 
tissue, from which as it makes its way it ac- 
quires a covering from the mucous membrane, 
and appears to be truly a disease of the nose. 
Whichever it be, there is nothing peculiar in its 
: characters or course to need a special descrip- 
_ tion of it here. 
im 
__ BrB_iogRapHy.—l. Of the nose in general.— 
_ Galen, De instrumento odoratus. Tinctorius, Diss. 
| de fabrica et usu nasi humani, Regiom. 1640. 
_ ©. V. Schneider, De osse cribriformi et sensu ac 
_ Organo odoratus, et morbis. Witteb. 1655. C. V. 
Schneider, De catarrhis libri quatuor. Viteberg, 
_ 1660-64. J, A. Sebiz, Diss. de instrumento olfactus. 
_ Argentor. 1662. Casp. Bartholin, De olfactus 
organo, disq. anat. Havn. 1679. G. Frank, Diss. 
_ de naso, Heidelberg, 1679. J. M. Hoffmann, Diss. 
_ de faciei promontorio, odoratus organo, Altorf. 1682. 
GLU. , Obs. Anat. sur l’organe de la vue 
et de Vodorat. Mém, de l’Acad. de. Paris. t. i. 
©. F. Paullini, De naso mobili. Misc. Ac Nat. cur. 
«16 D. Santorini, De naso, Venet. 1724, 
 H. van de Poll, De partibus que in homine olfactui 
wserviunt. Lugd. Bat. 1735. Fr. Boerner, Comm. 
.--mirabili narium structura. Brunsy. 1747. 
J. A. J. Scrinius, Diss. de organo, sensu, atque 
obj olfactus, Prage, 1749. S. ZT. Quelmalz, Pr. 
narium earumque septi incurvatione, Lips. 1750. 
‘F. J. du Toy, De tunica pituitaria, Prage, 1753. 
- £. Aurivillius, Diss. de naribus internis. Upsal. 
1760. J. G. Tenner, De organi olfactus differentia, 
Lips. 1777. J. C. Loder, Anat. obs. tumoris..... 
vis disq. de vero olfactus organo, Jenz, 1789. 
, Anat. Disq. de auditu et olfactu. 
cini et Mediol. 1789-92, and, Annot. anat. lib. ii. 
. olfactus deque nervis nasalibus., Ticin. 
mn Ue P. H. T. Simon, Diss. de conchis narium 
infer. Erlang. 1802. S. J. Soemmering, Icones 
organorum ham. olfactus, Francof. ad Men. 1810. 
_ J. F. Schroter, Die menschliche Nase. Leipz. 1812. 
_ Lawrence and Watt, Anatomico-chirurgical views 
_ of the nose, mouth, &c. Lond. 1809. Riefsteck, 
Diss. de structura org. olfactus mammalium non- 
ull, Tubing. 1823.  Hippolyte Cloquet, Osphre- 
_ siologie, ou Traité des Odeurs, &c. Paris, 1821. 
_ #, Picht, De gustus et olfactus nexu. Berol. 1829. 
2. Of the olfactory nerves and other parts of the 
nose.—J, H. Stevoyt, Diss. qua processus cerebri 
“mammillares ex nervorum olfactoriorum numero 
“exemptos disq. submittit. Jenz,1715. D. W. Andree, 
e ssibus mammillaribus,.Lugd. Bat. 1715, 
J. HE. Neubauer, De processuum cerebri mammil- 
Tarium cum naribus connexione. Nov. act. acad. 
‘Tat, cur, vi. 293. J. Weitbrecht, De vera signifi- 
eatione processuum mammillarium : Comm. Petrop. 
xiv. 1741. G. J. Duverney, Comp. des nerfs olfactifs 
| dans l’homme et dans les animaux. Mem. de Paris, 
t.i, A. Matthieu, Tent. phys.-anat. de nervis in 
Bencre, &c, Lugd. Bat. 1758. J. D. Metzger, 
| Primi paris nervorum historia, Argent. 1766, and 
jin Sandifort’s Thesaurus, t. iii., and Ludwig, 
| Script. Neur., t. iv. J. Hunter, A description of 
, 
741 
the nerves which supply the organ of smelling. 
Works by Palmer, vol. iv., p. 187. J. G. Haase, 
Pr. de nervis narium internis, in Ludwig, Script. 
Neurolog., t. iv., Lips. 1791. #F. Magendie, Le 
nerf olfactif est-il ’organe de l’odorat? Journ. de 
physiologie, 1825., iv. 169. 
Morbid anatomy of the nose.—S. Peyerus, De mor- 
bis narium, Basil, 1756. J. G. Haase,De morbis 
narium expositis, Lips. 1794. J. F. L. Deschamps, 
Traité des maladies des fosses nasales et de leur 
sinus, Paris, 1804. J. EH. Vort, De ozena, diss. 
inaug. Lugd. Bat. 1725. F. A. Meyer, Comm. de 
ozena, in Frank. Del. Opusc. Med. Germ. v. x., 
p- 249, Chr. le Cerf, De polypo narium, Jenz, 1715. 
G. A. Langguth, and S. G. Kichler, De polypo 
infantis, in Haller, Disp. ad Morb. v. vi., p, 301. 
And. Levret, Observ. sur la cure radicale de plusieurs 
polypes, Paris, 1749. J. C. Hesse, De polypo 
narium, Argent, 1777. J. J. Waser, Diss. inaug. 
recessum ossium nasi exhibens, Argent. 1767. 
G. F. Gruner, De polypis in cavis narium obviis, 
Lips. 1825. C. H. Dzondi, Ergo polypi narium 
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and Clinical Lecture on Polypus of the Nose, July 
24, 31, 140. 
( James Paget.) 
NUTRITION.—The function thus designated 
may be regarded as including, in the most ex- 
tended acceptation of the term, the whole series 
of operations, by which the alimentary mate- 
rials are converted into living organised tissue : 
but as many of these changes are separately 
treated of in other parts of this work, we shall 
here confine ourselves to a more limited range ; 
and shall consider the nutritive process as com- 
mencing with the absorption of the materials, 
which have been prepared by the digestive pro- 
cess; and as including all the changes, which are 
involved in the conversion of the fluids so intro- 
duced within the system, into solid organised 
tissue, forming an integral part of the fabric. 
The object of the process of nutrition is the 
continual production of new tissue, either for 
the augmentation of the-original structure, or 
for the reparation of that part of it, which is 
continually undergoing decay or disintegration. 
And by this continual renewal of the tissues, 
we gain, as will hereafter appear, a constant re- 
invigoration of those vital powers or forces, the 
exercise of which has been one of the chief 
causes of the previous waste. It is a principle 
now generally acknowledged by physiologists, 
that the processes of disintegration and decay, 
in any organ or tissue, are more rapid, in pro- 
portion to the functional activity which it has 
been called on to manifest ;* and we find that 
the tendency to decomposition in the different 
tissues after death, which doubtless bears a 
general relation to their respective needs of re- 
newal during life, is the greatest in those, whose 
vital powers are most remarkable—the ner- 
vous and muscular tissues for instance ; whilst 
it is the least in those, whose properties are 
most purely physical—such as bone, cartilage, 
yellow elastic tissue, &c, Hence it is in the 
former that the greatest activity of nutri- 
* This doctrine, strongly put forth in regard to 
the muscular system by Liebig, and restricted to it 
by him, had been taught long before the publication 
of his treatise. 
