826 
character and entering into the formation of very 
numerous and diversified sets of organs, which 
have in: reality no alliance with each other 
except that of mere juxta-position. 
One compartment in Man, exceeding in size 
all the rest put together, but in the lower Ver- 
tebrata forming but a very small part of the 
whole, is obviously merely a continuation of 
the vertebral canal lodging the most anterior 
ganglia of the cerebro-spinal axis, which it 
arches over and defends, at the same time 
affording passage to the nerves that emanate 
therefrom, being essentially itself composed of 
vertebrae, although, in consequence of the 
preponderating size of the brain over the spinal 
ganglia behind, considerable distortion is re- 
quired, a distortion which in human beings is 
necessarily carried to such an extent that the 
normal construction of this part of the skeleton 
is in man almost wholly indistinguishable. As 
the vertebral column forms the centre and sup- 
port of the trunk and limbs, so does the cranial 
portion of the skull sustain various additional 
apparatus, which may be enumerated as follows. 
1. The auditory apparatus most frequently en- 
closed in aspecial bone, the petrous, and interca- 
lated among the proper bones of the cranium. 
2. The temporal apparatus, which in man 
is confused into a single irregular mass that 
forms part of what the human osteologist calls 
the temporal bone, but which in the lower Ver- 
tebrata, such as the Reptilia, consists of several 
important pieces, which being withdrawn from 
the composition of the cranial box are employed 
for the articulation of the lower jaw, and more- 
over in the osseous Fishes sustain the bones of 
the gill-covers. ( Nos. 12, 13, 23, 26, 27.*) 
* The following table, showing the numbers by 
which the corresponding bones appertaining to the 
cephalic portion of the skeleton are indicated in all 
the figures, is given to facilitate comparison be- 
tween them. 
Fig 436. 
Skull of the Cod ( Gadus Morhua ). 
OSSEOUS SYSTEM. (Comp. Anat.) 
3. The pterygo-palatine apparatus repre- 
sented in the human skeleton by the internal 
pterygoid processes of the (so-called) sphenoid 
and the ossa palati. These form the framework 
of the fauces. ( Nos. 25, 22.) 
4. The olfactory apparatus, into the compo- _ 
sition of which enter the ethmoid, over which — 
the nerve of smell is more particularly dis- — 
tributed, together with the nasal, the superior — 
maxillary, the vomer, the inferior turbinated — 
bones, and others more remotely connected with 
the formation of the cavity of the nose. ( Nos. 3, 
20, 16, 18, d.) . 
5. The orbito-lachrymal apparatus, or the 
bones which assist in forming the orbital cavity 
and lachrymal passages. 
6. The superior maxilla formed of the max 
illary and intermazillary bones. ( Nos. 18,17.) 
7. The inferior set Se which in the lower 
animals consists of several pieces, to be more 
fully noticed hereafter. : 
Before proceeding to describe the individual - 
bones that enter into the composition of the 
cranial portion of the skull, in order to lay before” 
the reader the comparative structure of that 
important portion of the skeleton, it will be 
1 Frontal. 
2 Anterior frontal. 
3 Nasal (ethmoid,Cuv. ) 
4 Posterior frontal. 
5 Inferior occipital. 
18 Maxillary. 
20 Presta + 
22 Palatine. 
= Masto-temporal. 
Transverse. 
6 Sphenoid. 25 Internal pte 
7 Parietal. 26 Zygomatic. 
8 Supra-occipital. 27 Squamo-tempor: 
9 External occipital. 
10 Lateral occipital. 
11 Alar. 
12 Mastoid. 
28 Opercular. 
29 Styloid. 
30 Pre ular, 
31 Symplectiae -— 
13 Petro-temporal. 32 Subopercular. — 
14 Ingrassial. 33 Interopercular. — 
15 Cthmoid (anterior 4 Dental, re ual 
henoid, Cuv. 5 Supra-an, 4 
16 Vonate. 4 36 A i lar. = 
17 Intermaxillary. g Suborbital p 
