. 872 
sac issuing from the posterior aspect of the ear- 
diac extremity of the stomach and_ projecting 
towards the right side. The construction of the 
interior of this stomach is still more extraordinary 
than its external appearance, for it is so divided 
bysepta, that food coming into this viscus through 
the esophagus may pass by different channels, 
either into the central portion, which seems pro- 
perly entitled to the name of stomach, or into 
either of the great diverticula appended to it. 
The inferior walls of the central stomach have 
nine or ten cavities in them, something like 
those of the Camel and Dromedary. The lining 
membrane both of the stomach and diverticula 
is granular and wrinkled except near the py- 
lorus, where the parietes become smooth and 
folded into numerous plicw somewhat resem- 
bling those of the third stomach of a ruminant, 
although there is no probability that rumination 
occurs in the animal under consideration. 
In the hog tribe the proportionate dimensions 
of the alimen canal are very great when 
compared with the size of the animal’s body, 
the large and small intestines of the Hog or 
wild Boar measuring together from sixty to 
sixty-five feet in length, the large intestines 
alone being in the wild Boar thirteen and in the 
domestic Hog fifteen feet long. The stomach 
is capacious, the entrance of the esophagus 
being situated nearly in the centre of its lesser 
curvature, so that the cardiac cul de sac is 
exceedingly large, and is moreover prolonged 
into a kind of cowl-shaped appendage, which 
gives it avery peculiar aspect. On opening 
the stomach the epithelium of the cesophagus 
is found to be prolonged for some distance into 
its interior, where it covers a square space of 
considerable extent, the borders of which are 
well defined. At the entrance to the pylorus 
there is a large nipple-shaped projection up- 
wards of an inch in length in the full-grown 
animal; and moreover, however much the 
stomach may be distended, there always re- 
mains a deep fold crossing it at its upper part, 
between the @sophagus and the pylorus, and 
another equally extensive bounding the com- 
mencement of the great cardiac cul de sac, 
these folds evidently indicating a relationship 
with the more complex stomachs met with in 
ruminating animals, especially as the lining 
membrane only assumes a villous aspect in the 
pyloric region of the viscus. 
The diver consists of four lobes, and there is 
a distinct gall-bladder, either lodged in a deep 
fissure, or imbedded in the substance of the 
middle lobe. The spleen is long, flat, and 
somewhat of a prisinatic shape, and the pan- 
creas consists of three portions, which unite 
near the pylorus. 
The Hyrax Capensis has a stomach which to 
a certain extent reminds the anatomist of the 
complex condition of that viscus met with in 
many animals nearly related to the Pachyder- 
mata. The cardiac extremity is large, and 
forms a capacious cavity, which is divided by a 
deep constriction from a second compartment 
of smaller dimensions, which opens into the 
pyloric portion of the organ. The whole viscus 
is moreover so bent upon itself owing to the 
PACHYDERMATA. Y 
smallness of the lesser curvature, that the py-— 
loric and cardiac extremities are almost in con- 
tact with each other. The cecum is likewise 
proportionably of enormous size, being 
than the stomach itself, and from this a spi 
folded intestine an’ no very oon ari runs to | 
a kind of second cecum o capacity, “ 
which has its commencement 
wards by means of two conical ap ike 
horns, whence it has been named by Pallas — 
intestinum bicorne, and this last, aher becom 
considerably diminished in size, terminates 
the rectum. 
Salivary 
lands.—The salivary organs are 
very large. In the Hog there are two sublingual 
glands; one, which is very long and narrow, — 
accompanies the duct of the maxillary gland, 
and is com of small lobes of a pale reddish 
colour ; the orifice of its excretory duct is near 
that of the maxillary. The second chine ; 
gland is placed in front of the former, and is 
of a square form; it discharges its secretion 
through eight or ten short ducts, which pierce 
the mucous membrane of the mouth. e- 
arotid is large, its duct opening opposite t 
bird er tooth; and int addition to these — 
there are the molar glands, which form 
elongated masses, situated along the alveoli of - 
the superior and inferior molar teeth, 
extending forward as far as the canines; these 
pour their secretion into the mouth through 
numerous little orifices. eal 
Os hyoides.—The os hyoides in the Elep ¥ 
has its body or central portion, which resemb 
a flattened lamina, slightly arched from b 
upwards, consolidated with the posterior corn 
which divide into two branches as they curve 
gently backwards and inwards. The anterior 
cornua articulate with the styloid process of the 
temporal. In other Pachyderms the general 
disposition of the hyoid pieces is very similar 
to the above, but in the Rhinoceros their ar 
rangement approximates what is met with — 
horned ruminants, the anterior cormua b 
articulated to the styloid by an interven 
osseous piece. ae 
The laryngeal apparatus exhibits not 
extraordinary in its arrangement. os 
Circulatory and respiratory systems.— 
organs of circulation and respiration hk 
in their general arrangement, differ from th 
of other Mammalia in no important particula 
We may, however, notice one or two deviatiot 
from the usual type in the origins of th 
venous and arterial trunks. ' 
In the Hyrax the arch of the aorta g 
the arteria innominata, which divides into 
right subclavian and the two common can 
and then a second single trunk, whi 
left subclavian. 4 
The Elephant in several points of its econot 
exhibits remarkable affinities with the Rod 
tia, in proof of which the ce dence 
the structure of its heart with that of some 
the Rodents is very striking. Thus the’ 
auricle receives three vene cave, a righta 
left superior and an inferior, which lat 
sents the usual arrangement. Moree 
Eustachian valve, which is placed 
ll 
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yet 
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