h - 
PACHYDERMATA. 
vhe orifices of the inferior and left superior 
. eave, present, in addition to the inferior portion 
= -- 
usually met with, the rudiment of a superior 
division of the valve, extending from the pos- 
terior aspect of the orifice of the superior cava. 
A similar arrangement is met with in the Por- 
cupine and other Rodents. . 
Urinary organs.—In the young animals the 
kidneys are separated into several lobes by very 
deep sulci, but in the adults this lobulated 
appearauce is in a great degree obliterated. In 
other respects the renal apparatus, ureters, and 
bladder have nothing peculiar in their structure 
or disposition. 
Generative organs (male).—In the structure 
of the external generative apparatus of the 
male Elephant, the principal feature worthy of 
remark is the existence of two special muscles 
destined to the retraction of the organ after its 
erection, an arrangement which is frequently 
rendered necessary in consequence of its enor- 
mous size in that animal, which is stated to be 
proportionately greater than in any other quad- 
ruped. These muscles arise from the anterior 
part of the os pubis on each side of the penis, 
and uniting at a little distance from their origin 
form a common tendon, which runs in a groove 
along the dorsum of the penis to be inserted 
into the glans. The action of these muscles 
will of course be to retract the member into its 
sheath after erection or after the discharge of 
urine, which requires a kind of semi-erection, 
precisely as is the case in the Horse. The 
other muscles connected with the generative 
apparatus agree exactly with those met with in 
the generality of quadrupeds, from which they 
only differ in size; these are the acceleratores 
urine and the transversales perinai. 
The corpora cavernosa, besides the mesial 
tendinous septum between them, are traversed 
by strong secondary septa derived from the 
external envelope, which is of great thickness 
in eae to the enormous size of the organ. 
€ verumontanum, the prostates, Cowper's 
gland, the vasa deferentia, and the vesicule 
seminales occupy their usual positions, and have 
nothing remarkable in their structure or ar- 
rangement. 
The testes of the Elephant are not contained 
in any scrotal pouch or even lodged in the 
groins, as has been asserted by some authors, 
who have been deceived by the existence of 
large glandular masses situated in the inguinal 
regions ; but are deeply situated in the abdomen 
in close contact with the kidneys, to which 
they are attached by membranous prolongations 
resembling little omenta; consequently the 
vasa deferentia, which are very large and tor- 
tuous, pass immediately to their destination in 
‘the commencement of the urethral canal, being 
closely accompanied by the ureters during the 
greater part of their course, and lying between 
_ those tubes and the rectum. 
As another example of the general structure 
_ of the male generative organs in Pachydermatous 
animals, we select those of the Boar. 
In this 
creature the glans penis is very long and nearly 
cylindrical except at the extremity, where it 
becomes of a prismatic shape ending in a point, 
873 
which is suddenly bent upon itself. The body 
of the penis consists of only a single cavernous 
body, and just above the testes at about four 
inches from the insertion of the prepuce pre- 
sents a very singular arrangement, being bent 
twice upon itself at intervals of about an inch, 
so as to form at this place a close sigmoid 
curve; it is flattened for the greater part of its 
length, but becomes rounded and thinner in 
the neighbourhood of the glans. The testicles 
are very large, and the epididymis of each 
upwards of an inch in length. The vesicule 
seminales are very extensive, occupying their 
usual position near the termination of the vasa 
deferentia. The prostates reach from the vesi- 
culz seminales as far as the ejaculator muscles, 
lying on each side of the urethra. Each pros- 
tate, moreover, is covered externally by a layer 
of muscular fibre, which is one or two lines in 
thickness. 
In the American Tapir, according to Pro- 
‘fessor Owen, the testes are elongated glands 
four inches in length, situated externally in a 
slightly indicated scrotum at the distance of six 
inches from the anus. The cremaster is remark- 
ably powerful, being composed of a strong 
fasciculus of fibres continued from the lower 
margin of the internal oblique muscle, of up- 
wards of one inch in breadth. The tunica 
vaginalis has, as usual, a free communication 
with the cavity of the abdomen. The penis, 
which is of great length, is not furnished with 
levator muscles, but is supported by a quantity 
of elastic cellular membrane, which extends 
from the abdominal muscles along the dorsum 
penis. 
Generative organs (female).—These present 
the arrangement usually met with in quadrupeds 
furnished with a cornuted uterus, the relative 
size of the uterine apparatus varying in propor- 
tion to the fecundity of each genus. 
The only description of the female generative 
organs of the Elephant with which we are ac- 
quainted is the following, given by M. Perrault 
of the parts of one dissected by him in the 
menagerie of Versailles, many points of which 
are sufficiently remarkable. That anatomist 
describes the vulva as being placed almost 
in the middle of the belly, at a distance of 
more than two feet from the place where it is 
usually situated in other animals. The clitoris 
extended all along this space beneath the 
vagina and was two inches in diameter, so 
that, although covered by the skin of the 
abdomen, it was so apparent as to have been 
always mistaken for a penis, and the animal 
was in fact considered to be a male until dis- 
section revealed the mistake. 
The vagina extended backward from the 
vulva to the pubis in a contrary direction to 
that which it takes in other animals, and at the 
pubis it formed an angle about the middle of 
its length, so that the second half ran forward 
in the usual manner: its lining membrane was 
very smooth. The edges of the orifice of the 
womb extended into the vagina for the length 
of two inches, the neck of the uterus being, as 
it were, closed by two sigmoid valves, so dis- 
posed, according to Mons. Perrault, to prevent 
