874 
the urine from entering the womb, because the 
urethra opens into the vagina so near the os tince 
that the urine flows more readily towards the 
womb than towards the vulva, the angular bend 
in the vagina forming an obstacle to its passage 
in the latter direction. 
The body of the uterus was oval, and mea- 
sured a foot and a half in length by ten inches 
in breadth. The cornua uteri were each two 
feet eight inches in length, and four inches and 
a half in circumference: their openings into 
the womb were surrounded by a prolongation 
of their lining membrane, hanging into the 
uterus like a fringe or valve, so that any thing 
which had passed from the cornua into the 
uterus could not return again from the uterus 
into the cornua, which latter were united to 
each other for about a foot from the body of 
the uterus. The Fallopian tubes were only 
two inches in length, aud the ovaria of very 
small size. 
In the Sow the vulva occupies its usual 
situation between the pubic symphysis and the 
anus. The glans clitoridis is bent upon itself 
and terminates in a point resembling the penis 
of the Boar in miniature. The walls of the 
vagina are much plicated for an extent of two 
or three inches from the orifice of the womb, 
and in this part its canal is considerably wider 
near the entrance of the vulva. The 
os tince is only indicated by a slightly elevated 
margin. The cornua uteri are of great length, 
being convoluted much after the manner of the 
small intestines. The fimbriated extremities of 
the Fallopian tubes are only connected at one 
point with the ovaria, the rest being loose and 
floating. The ov ries in the common Sow are 
of very irregular contour, the Graafian vesicles 
(as big as peas) standing prominently out from 
their surface. 
In the Elephant the mamme are pectoral 
and only two in number, one situated on each 
side of the breast. 
The Rhinoceros, the Tapir, and the Hippo- 
potamus have likewise only two mammea, but 
they are placed beneath the belly. 
In the Hog there are generally ten nipples 
both in the male and female ; these are situated 
beneath the belly, five on each side, but some- 
times there are five on one side and six on the 
other, and occasionally six on both sides. 
Of the Nervous System. Brain.—The brain 
in the Pachydermata is largely developed, and 
the convolutions upon its surface comparatively 
small,though very numerous and separated from 
each other by deep sulci. In the Elephant the 
absolute size of the organ exceeds that of man, 
but is very small in proportion to the bulk of 
the animal, especially when we take into the ac- 
count the great size and intellectual aspect of the 
head. Inan Elephant dissected by the Parisian 
Academicians, which was seven feet and a half 
high from the ground to the top of the back, and 
eight feet and a half in length from the forehead 
to the tail, the brain and cerebellum together 
weighed nine pounds. The convolutions upon 
the surface of the cerebrum were well marked, 
and oe ne Ta size of the cerebellum is 
described to have been enormous; the brains of 
PACHYDERMATA. 
the Rhinoceros and Tapir are equally in 
proportion, but the relative size of the cerebrum, 
rc Whig of its anterior and superior regions, 
w — the rest a brain, is 
much less. ippocampus and corpus stria- 
tum are well devcenale sade lateral ventri- 
cles are continued forwards into the dilated 
olfactory bulbs. The cerebellum is very large 
and expanded transversely, its surface being stall 
further increased by numerous and complex 
anfractuosities. The pons Varolii rey 
in size with the developement of the 
lobes of the cerebellum, and the oli- 
varia are preps Aseereers In other re- 
spects the brain of the animals included in this 
order presents no peculiarities worthy of special 
notice. The nerves take their rise in the usual 
manner, and have the same distribution as in 
other Mammalia. In those races, however, — 
which have the nose largely developed, the — 
fifth pair is remarkable for its great size, and in 
the Proboscidian species these nerves are of 
enormous dimensions. ams - 
The dura mater is ick, proportioned 
rather to the size of the skull and of the entire — 
animal than to that of the brain itself; and 
its two fibrous layers are found in the ic 
species to be separated by a quantity of 
substance in which the vessels ramify. 
The spinal chord presents no peculiarity 
worthy of being distinctly alluded to. a4 
Of the Special Senses. Touch—TIn animals 
whose limbs seem to be converted into 3 
pillars of support, and whose hoof-cased feet ar 
totally destitute of all power oe it 
would hardly have been expected thatany nicety 
of appreciating tactile impressions should exist 
in the situations usually appropriated to this 
sense, more especially when we take into the 
account the thickness and density of the integu- 
ment with which they are clothed. “ 
The nasal apparatus, however, in all the 
Pachydermata, is richly endowed with nerve 
of sensation, and obviously forms a very per- 
fect organ of touch. It is moreover in some 
measure converted into ‘an instrument of pre 
hension, or is employed for digging the soil it 
search of food, as well as for the usual office 
assigned to it; in fact it is im this gre 
quadrupeds alone that the nasal cartilag 
the muscles of the nose assume their full de 
* 
' 
ad 
lopement, and accordingly will merit 
notice in this place. _ 
In the Hog the cartilages of the nose fort 
complete tube, which is a continuation of | 
bony nostrils, and near the end of the sne 
in the vicinity of the septum i 
extremity of the cartilages becomes ossi 
and in the dried skull seems to form an ad 
tional bone (fig. 481). Four pairs 
muscles, derived from the bones ne f 
confer upon the organ considerable power 
motion, and render it very efficient in teat 
up the earth. Of these muscles the first 
arises in front of the orbit from the lacrym: 
bone, and terminates in a strong hic 
spreads out upon the upper aspect of the nas 
cartilages. Two other pairs si 
the preceding are derived from the 
