PISCES. 
don, Psettus, Pimelepterus, 
Brama, Pempheris, Foxotes. 
7th Family. — Scomperipz. Scomber, 
Xiphias, Centronotus, Rhincobdella, Campi- 
lodon, Seriola, Nomeus, Temnodon, Caranz, 
Vomer, Zeus, Stromateus, Sesarinus, Kurtus, 
Coryphena. 
8th Family—Tezniorves. Lepidopus, Tri- 
chiurus, Gymnetrus, Stylephorus, Cepola, Lo- 
photes. 
9th Family —Tuevtipz. Siganus, Acan- 
thurus, Prionurus, Naseus, Axinurus, Priodon. 
10th Family. — WirH LaBYRINTHIFORM 
PHARYNGEAL BONES. Anabas, Polyacanthus, 
Macropodes, Helostomus, Asphromenus, Tri- 
chopodes, Spirobranchus, Ophicephalus. 
11th Family—Mocirivz. Mugil, Tetra- 
gonurus, Atherina. 
12th Family—Goxsivzx. Blennius, Anar- 
eg Gobius, Callionymus, Platypterus, La- 
ax. 
13th Family—WitH PECTORAL FINS FEET- 
LIKE. Lophius, Batrachus. 
14th Family—Lasrivzx. Labrus, Xirech- 
thys, Chromis, Scarus. 
15th Family. — Wits FLUTE-SHAPED 
Movrus. Fistularia, Centriscus. 
All the other osseous Fishes have the rays 
that support the fins soft and composed of 
numerous pieces articulated with each other, 
with the exception, in some cases, of the first 
ray of the dorsal or of the pectoral. These are 
divided in accordance with the situation of the 
’ ventral fins, which are sometimes placed be- 
neath the abdomen, sometimes appended to the 
framework of the shoulder, or, lastly, are alto- 
gether wanting. Three distinct orders are thus 
established, viz... MALACOPTERYGII ABDOMI- 
NALES, MaLACoPTrERYGII SUBRACHIALES, and 
MatacopreryGil APODES. 
Orver II—MALACOPTERYGII AB- 
DOMINALES. Having their ventral fins sus- 
pended beneath the abdomen and behind the 
torals, without any connection with the 
nes of the shoulder. This order compre- 
hends most fresh-water Fishes. 
16th Family.—Cyrrrinivz. Cyprinus, Co- 
bitis, Anableps, Pacilia, Lebias, Fundulus, Mo- 
linesia, Cyprinodon. 
17th Family—Esoctpz. Esox, Erocetus, 
ormyrus. 
18th Family —Sirvuripz. 
lapterurus, Aspredo, Loricaria. 
19th Family—Satmonipz. Salmo, Ster- 
Dipterodon, 
Silurus, Ma- 
noptyx. . 
20th Family—Cuurripz. Clupea, Odon- 
tognathus, Pristigaster, Notopterus, Engraulis, 
Megalops, LElops, Butirinus, Chirocentrus, 
Hyodon, Erythrinus, Amia, Sudis, Osteoglos- 
sum, Lepisosteus, Polypterus. 
Orver III—MALACOPTERYGII SU- 
BRACHIALES. This order is distinguished 
by the ventral fins being situated beneath the 
pectoral, the pelvis being suspended immedi- 
ately from the framework of the shoulder. 
21st Family—Gavinz. Gadus, Lepidole- 
957 
22nd Family—Pu.rvronectss. Platessa, 
Hippoglossus, Rhombus, Solea, Monochirus, 
Achirus. 
23rd Family.—Discoznort. Lepadogaster, 
Cyclopterus, Echeneis. 
Orver IV. — MALACOPTERYGII 
APODES. Ventral fins totally wanting. 
24th Family.—Anevuituirormes. Murena, 
Saccopharynz, Gymnotus, Gymnarchus, Lep- 
tocephalus, Ophidium, Ammodytes. 
Orver V.—LOPHOBRANCHII. In all 
the preceding orders the gills are pectinated, 
but in the Lophobranchii the respiratory organs 
consist of little round tufts, disposed in pairs 
along the branchial arches. 
25th Family—Synenatuipa. Syngnathus, 
Pegasus. 
Orver VI.—PLECTOGNATHI. This 
order of Fishes is distinguished by having the 
superior maxillary bones consolidated with or 
firmly united to the intermaxillaries, which latter 
form the margin of the jaw. The opercula and 
branchiostegous rays are, moreover, so con- 
cealed by the thick skin that nothing is visible 
externally but a small branchial fissure. 
26th Family.—Gymnopontes. Diodon, 
Tetraodon, Orthagoriscus, Triodon. 
27th Family.— Scieropermes. Balistes, 
Ostracion. 
Division III—DERMAPTERYGII. 
Skeleton cartilaginous or membranous; fins 
without either cartilaginous or bony rays, or 
possessing the merest rudiments of them. 
Orver I.—CYCLOSTOMATA. 
28th Family—Petromyzon, Myzine. 
Orver II.—BRANCHIOSTOMATA. 
29th Family.— Branchiostoma. 
As regards the texture of their bones, Fishes 
may be divided into osseous, fibro-cartilaginous, 
and true cartilaginous. 
The cartilaginous, otherwise called Chondrop- 
terygii, and which by their entire skeleton, by 
their branchie, the external border of which is 
fixed to the skin, and from which the water escapes 
through narrow and multiplied orifices, as well 
as by other details in their economy, are distin- 
guished from other Fishes, have never true bones ; 
their skeleton consists internally of a semi- 
transparent cartilage, which in Rays and Sharks 
is coated at its surface only with a layer of 
opaque and calcareous grains. 
The Sturgeon and Chimera have the bones of 
the spine as soft as those of the Chondropterygii, 
but the first of these genera has in many of the 
bones of the head and shoulder, at least a layer 
at the surface, completely ossified. 
Other Fishes differ widely from each other in 
the hardness of the parts of their skeleton, and 
the fibro-cartilaginous have from this cireum- 
stance been erroneously associated with the 
Chondropterygii. In these, however, the cal- 
careous matter, that is to say, the phosphate of 
lime, is deposited by fibres and layers in the 
cartilage, which serves as a basis to their bones, 
as is the case with the most perfectly osseous 
