968 
other, as those of a chain, and another, which 
at the will of the fish becomes very moveable 
or very fixed. We find examples of both these 
in the family Silurus. 
The articulations with determinate move- 
ments offer ligaments, cartilaginous surfaces, 
and a synovial fluid, as in higher animals. 
The articulations between the bodies of the 
vertebre are effected by means of a fibro- 
cartilaginous substance which traverses the 
bodies, and which sometimes, as in the Stur- 
geon and the Lamprey, takes the form of a 
long cord. 
The articulations of the opercular bones be- 
tween themselves, the pieces composing the 
branchial apparatus, the bones of the shoulder, 
of the arm, of the carpus and pelvis, and of 
the last to the shoulder, are effected by means 
of interposed fibro-cartilaginous substance. 
Muscular system.—The general character of 
the myology of Fishes has been treated of in a 
Myology of the Perch. After Cuvier. 
trunk.—These are situated in the interspace 
between the lateral muscles, both along the 
middle of the back and also of the ventral 
aspect of the body. 
Proper muscles of the fins—In the caudal 
fin these are of three kinds, some being super- 
ficial, others deep-seated, and a third passing 
from one ray to another. 
In the dorsal and anal fins the arrangement 
of the proper muscles is very simple, because 
they are all disposed uniformly, each fin-ray 
having six, viz. four deep-seated and two su- 
perficial. 
The superficial muscles are inserted into the 
fin-ray at its base, one on the right and the 
other on the left side, and serve to move it in 
corresponding directions. The deep-seated set 
(figs 505, 3 and 4) arise from the interspinous 
bones, and are inserted into the anterior and 
posterior aspects of the base of the ray, serving 
to elevate or depress it vertically. 
PISCES. 
preceding article, (Muscutar System, Comp. 
Anat.) It will therefore only remain for us 
in this place to give such an account of 
their arrangement as the limits of this article 
rmit, dividing them into groups so as to faci- 
itate reference to the Watton. tome res, 
representing the dissected muscles of the Perch, 
as described by Cuvier. 
The great lateral muscles on each side of the 
trunk of the body form a mass that extends 
from the back of the head and posterior surface 
of the pectoral zone all the way to the sides of 
the base of the caudal fin. ese two great 
muscles are divided transversely by aponeurotic 
lamine into as many layers of fi as there 
are vertebra, giving the flaked ap to 
the flesh of Fishes, (fig. 502, /, g, h,) and 
are connected to all the vertebra and vertical 
processes of the spine as well as to the inter 
spinous bones. 
Superior and inferior slender muscles of the 
The movements of the shoulder are effected 
by the great lateral muscles inserted into the 
or by strips derived therefrom. ree 
The muscles of the pectoral fins (figs. 
503, 505, 14, 15, and 16) are inserted into the 
fin-rays, which they serve to elevate or depress 
at Seana 
he muscles of the ventral fins, (fig. 
17 and 18) arise from the pelvic bone, and 
to expand or advance the fin-rays of the abdo 
minal members. > 
The muscles of the jaws are represented 
large mass, (fig. 502, 20, 20,) derived 
palato-temporal arch and the anterior edge @ 
the preoperculum, which is inserted into t 
lower jaw, and serves to closesthe mouth 
arrangement very different from that of the 
temporal and masseter muscles of the higher 
vertebrata. a 
Muscles of the palato-tympanic arch ec 
of a depressor, (fig. 504, 32,) derived from 
‘Té 
