OF F^RTMENT OF CIVIL ENGI N EEHi 



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EXOGENOUS SERIES BROADLEAF WOODS. 63 



Ironwood, Blue Beech. Carpinus caroliniana Walt. 



Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) 



Ironwood, Blue Beech (local Hornbeam (Me., N. H., 



and common name). Mass., R. I., Conn., N. Y., 



Water Beech (R. I., N. Y., N. J., Pa., Del., N. C., 



Pa., Del., W. Va., Ohio, S. C., Ala., Tex., Ky., 111., 



111., Ind., Mich., Minn., Kans., Minn.). 



Nebr., Kans.). 



Locality. 



Quebec to Florida, westward intermittently to Nebraska and 

 Texas. 



Features of Tree. 



Thirty to fifty feet in height. Six inches to occasionally two feet 

 in diameter. A small tree, dark bluish-gray; bark resembles 

 that of beech save in color. 



Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. 



Heartwood light brown, thick sapwood nearly white, close- 

 grained. 



Structural Qualities of Wood. 



Very hard, tough, strong, heavy, very stiff, inclined to check 

 during seasoning, not durable when exposed. 



Representative Uses of Wood. 

 Levers, tool -handles, etc. 



Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 



45- 

 Modulus of Elasticity. 



1,630,000. 

 Modulus of Rupture. 



16,300. 



Remarks. 



Prized by wheelwrights in Europe. Resemblance of bluish bark 

 to light-gray bark of beech gave rise to name. 



