15 THE PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD. 



Black Spruce. \ P p icea n ^ ra Link ,-. u 



( Picea manana Mill. 



Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) 



Spruce (Vt.), Yew Pine, Spruce White Spruce (W. Va. ). 



Pine (W. Va.). He Balsam (Del., N. C.). 



Double Spruce (Me., Vt., Minn.). Water Spruce (Me.). 

 Blue Spruce (Wis.). 

 Locality. 



Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Alleghany Mountains to North 

 Carolina. Best in Canada. 



Features of Tree. 



Forty to eighty feet in height, one to two feet in diameter. 

 Conical shape with straight trunk. Dark foliage. Cones 

 remain for several years, being thus distinct from white spruce. 



Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. 



Heartwood reddish, nearly white; sapwood lighter. Straight 

 grain, compact structure. 



Structural Qualities of Wood. 



Light, soft, not strong, elastic, resonant. 



Representative Uses of Wood. 



Lumber, flooring, carpentry, ship-building, piles, posts, railway 

 ties, paddles, oars, "sounding-boards," paper-pulp. 



Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 



28. 

 Modulus of Elasticity. 



1,560,000. 

 Modulus of Rupture. 



i o, 600. 



Remarks. 



A substitute for soft pine. Resin is used as a confection. 



It is often difficult to distinguish between black and white spruce trees. The 

 foliage of the former is darker as a whole, and there are differences in shape and 

 persistence of cones. The names double spruce and single spruce are without 

 evident foundation. Woods exhibit similar qualities and are classed together by 

 lumbermen. Red Spruce (Picea rubens} resembles, and is sometimes considered a 

 variety of, black spruce. 



