CAIM'.ON AND THE HYDROCARBONS 363 



above 130, and contain hydrocarbons with C 9 , C, n , C n , etc., enter into 

 the composition of the oily substance, universally used for lighting, 

 called kerosene or photogen or photonaphthalene and other names. The 

 specific gravity of kerosene is from O78 to - 84, and it smells like 

 naphtha. Those products of the distillation of naphtha which pass off 

 below 130 and have a specific gravity below O75, enter into the com- 

 position of light petroleum (benzoline, ligroin, petroleum spirit, ifcc.) ; 

 which is used as a sol vent for india-rubber, for taking out grease spots, 

 A:r. Those portions of naphtha (which can only be distilled without 

 change by means of superheated steam, otherwise they are largely decom- 

 posed) which boil above 275 to 300 and have a specific gravity higher 

 than 0-85, form an excellent oil, 53 safe as regards inflammability (which 

 is very importcant as diminishing the risks of fire), and may be used 

 in lamps as an effective substitute for kerosene. 54 Those portions of 

 naphtha which pass over at a still higher temperature and have a higher 

 specific gravity than 0*9, which are found in abundance (about 30 p.c.) in 

 the Baku naphtha, make excellent lubricating or machine oils. Naphtha 



65 This is a so-called intermediate (between kerosene and lubricating oils) oil or pyro- 

 miplit. Lamps are already being manufactured for burning it, but still require improve- 

 ment. Above all, however, iL requires a more extended market, and at present is likely 

 to want it owing to the following two reasons : (1) The products of the American petro- 

 leum, which are the most widely spread and almost universally consumed, contain but 

 little of this intermediate oil, and what there is is partly introduced into the kerosene and 

 partly into the lubricating oils ; (2) the Baku naphtha, which is capable of yielding a 

 great deal (up to 30 p.c.) of intermediate oil, is produced in enormous quantities, about 105 

 million poods (1887), but has no regular markets abroad, and for the consumption in 

 Russia (about 20 million poods of kerosene per annum) and for the limited export 

 (20 millions poods per annum) into Western Europe (by the Trans-Caucasian Rail- 

 way) those volatile and more dangerous parts of the naphtha which enter into the composi- 

 tion of the American petroleum are sufficient, because Baku naphtha yields about 20 p.c of 

 such kerosene. For this reason pyronapht is not manufactured in sufficient quantities, and 

 tin- whole world is consuming the unsafe kerosene. When a pipeline has been laid from 

 Baku to the Black Sea (in America there are many which carry the raw naphtha to the 

 s*!a-shoiv, \\hciv it is made into kerosene and other products) then the whole mass of the 

 Baku naphtha will furnish safe illuminating oils, which, without doubt, will find an 

 imnu'iisr application. A mixture of the intermediate oil with kerosene or Baku oil (spe- 

 cific gravity O'Nl t<> IKS;,, may be considered (on removing the benzoline) to be the best 

 illuminating oil, because it is safe (flashing point from 40 to 60), cheaper (Baku naphtha 

 gives as much as (50 p.c. of Baku oil), and burns perfectly well in lamps, differing 

 but little from those made for burning American kerosene (unsafe, flashing point 

 20 to 25 to 80). 



54 The substitution of Baku pyronapht, or intermediate oil, or Baku oil (see Note 

 58), would not only be a great advantage as regards safety from fire, but would also be 

 highly economical. A ton ((52 poods) of American crude petroleum costs there at the 

 roa-t considerably more than 24s. (12 roubles), and yields two-thirds of a ton of 

 kerosene suitable for ordinary lamps. A ton of raw naphtha in Baku costs less than 

 4s. (1 rouble 80 copecks), and with a pipe line to the shore of the Black Sea would not 

 cost more than 8 roubles, or 16s. And a ton of Baku naphtha will also yield as much as 

 two-thirds of a ton of kerosene, Baku oil, and pyronapht suitable for illuminating 

 purposes. 



