CHAPTER I 



Amoeboid and Ciliary Movement 



The fresh-water amoeba. Find an amoeba in a drop of pond water- 

 under the microscope, and study its movements. 



Amoeboid movements and other changes in leucocytes. Observe 

 in a preparation of frog's blood the changes which the leucocytes 

 undergo. The blood of certain Crustacea, such as the fresh-water 

 cray-fish, is even more instructive than that of the frog. 



Ciliary movement. (1) Gently scrape some epithelium from the 

 roof of a frog's mouth, and shake the scrapings in a drop of normal 

 salt solution or of Ringer's solution. 1 Observe with the microscope 

 the ciliated cells and the movements of their cilia. 



(2) Take a small fragment of the gills of a sea-mussel and examine 

 it under the microscope in a drop of sea water. The cilia are much 

 larger than those of the frog, and their movements more easily watched, 

 especially when they become slow. 



Experiments illustrative of protoplasmic movements. The follow- 

 ing experiments show that movements resembling those of cell-proto- 

 plasm can be produced by purely physical changes (alterations in 

 surface tension). 



1 . Take on a glass rod a drop of ordinary olive oil which has been 



1 Noivnal salt solution contains 6 grammes NaCl to the litre of distilled water 

 for the frog ; 7 to 9 grammes NaCl for mammals. 



Ringer 's fluid is normal salt solution containing, in addition to NaCl, small 

 amounts of sodium carbonate, calcium chloride, and potassium chloride. The 

 method of making it recommended by Ringer was as follows : 



To each litre of normal salt solution add 10 c.c. of a one per cent, solution 

 NaHCO :? : 10 c.c. of a one per cent, solution CaClg and 7 '5 c.c. of a one per cent, 

 solution KC1. 



A Ringer's fluid adapted for mammalian tissues is made by Locke's formula 

 as follows : 



1000-00 c.c. H 2 (distilled) 

 9-20 g. NaCl 

 0-15 g. NaHC0 3 

 0-24 g. CaCl 2 

 0-42 g. KC1 



To the above, when employed as a perfusion fluid for the mammalian heart, 

 1 gramme glucose is added just before use. 



