114 HUMAN ANATOMY. 



rotatoria being double, one in front, atlo-odontoid, and one be- 

 hind, odonto-transverse. The ligaments are : 



Anterior atlo-axoid, two superficial and deep, connecting 

 anterior borders together; 



Posterior atlo-axoid, connecting the arches of the atlas and 

 axis posteriorly, and pierced laterally by the second spinal nerve ; 



Capsular, two, connecting the articulating processes later- 

 ally, and lined with synovial membrane; 



Transverse, or cruciform, arises from the tubercle on one 

 side of the lateral mass, passes across the back of odontoid proc- 

 ess to be inserted into the opposite tubercle. 



The arteries are from vertebral, nerves from second cervical, 

 or from loop between it and suboccipital. 



OCCIPITO-ATLOID. Anterior occipito-atloid two, super- 

 ficial and deep, connecting the tubercle and upper border of an- 

 terior arch of atlas with basilar process and margin of foramen 

 magnum of occiput. 



Posterior occipito-atloid (membranous), connects the upper 

 border of posterior arch of atlas with posterior margin of fora- 

 men magnum. 



Lateral ligaments, two bands connecting transverse process 

 of atlas with jugular process of occipital. 



Capsular ligaments connect the articular processes of atlas 

 with condyles of occiput. 



The arteries are from vertebral; nerves, from suboccipital. 



OCCIPITO-AXOID. Occipito-axoid is a broad band, the con- 

 tinuation of posterior common ligament, extending from the 

 body of the axis to basilar groove of occipital. 



Odontoid, or check, pass upward and outward from the sum- 

 mit of the odontoid process, to be inserted into the inner side of 

 the occipital condyles. 



Ligamentum suspensorium, or central occipito-odontoid, 

 arises from the centre of the transverse ligament at the apex of 

 the odontoid process, and passes upward, to be inserted into the 

 anterior margin of the foramen magnum. 



Occipito-cervical, or cervico-basilaris, arises from the bodies 

 of the third cervical and axis, and is inserted into the basilar 

 groove of occipital. 



The arteries are from vertebral; the nerves from suboc- 

 cipital. 



Capsular ligaments. Throughout the spine the articula- 

 tions between the facets of the articular processes are surrounded 

 by capsular ligaments, making twenty-five pairs in all. 



COSTO-VERTEBRAL ARTICULATIONS. The costo-vertebrol 

 have each a double arthrodia between the head of the rib and the 



