THE GENITO-URINARY APPARATUS. 



THE genitourinary apparatus consists of the urinary organs 

 and the male and female generative organs. 



THE URINARY ORGANS. 



The urinary organs consist of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, 

 and urethra. 



THE KIDNEYS are two glandular organs, situated deeply 

 in the lumbar region, opposite the second or third lumbar verte- 

 bra and last dorsal, the right a little lower than the left. They 

 are surrounded by fat and held in position by the blood-vessels 

 and loose connective tissue. The right kidney is in relation in 

 front with the liver, descending portion of the duodenum and 

 ascending colon. The left is in relation with cardiac end of 

 stomach, lower end of spleen, tail of pancreas, and descending 

 colon. Each kidney measures about four inches in length, two in 

 width, and one in thickness, and weighs from four and one-half 

 to six ounces in male, four to five and one-half in female. Their 

 shape is characteristic. The notch at the inner side is called 

 the hilus, and communicates with the interior cavity, the sinus, 

 at which the blood-vessels, nerves, and ureter have their passage. 

 The kidneys have a special fibrous coat, slightly adherent, which 

 extends into the hilus and becomes continuous with the fibrous 

 coat of the blood-vessels and ureters. The relative position of the 

 arteries, veins, and ureter at the hilus are, from above down- 

 ward : 



A. Artery, 



V. Vein, 



U. Ureter; 



from before backward : 



V. Vein, 

 A. Artery, 

 U. Ureter. 



The general structure of the kidney consists of a cortical 

 piihsiaiirr ;IIK| a medullary substance, the latter arranged into 

 conical masses called renal pyramids, with their bases in Ihc 

 cortical substance, and their apices, the renal papilla?, projecting 



(257) 



