CL. IV.] TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 101 



nicies. The roots are used in the Hebrides for dyeing a brownish- 

 red colour : in sandy soil they attain a length of many feet, and 

 are there easily procured, but the digging for them is injurious by 

 setting loose the sand. Perennial : flowers in June and July*: 

 grows in pastures, abundantly. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 660. Eng. 

 FL vol. i. p. 208. 243. 



** Fruit covered with bristles. 



15. G. boredle. Cross-leaved Bed-straw. Leaves four in a whorl, 

 between egg-shaped and lance-shaped, three-nerved, smooth, with 



rough edges ; stems erect. Root creeping, reddish : stems a 



foot high, erect, square, roughish: flowers white, in numerous 

 branched panicles. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in shady 

 places, by rivers and lakes, in the north of England, in Scotland, 

 and Ireland : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 105. Eng. Fl. vol. 

 i. p. 209. 244. 



16. G. Aparine. Goose-grass, or Cleavers. Leaves eight in a 

 whorl, lance-shaped, keeled, rough, fringed with reflected prickles ; 



stems feeble. Root fibrous : stem branched, from two to six 



feet long : flowers few, white, in axillar panicles. Annual : flowers 

 from May to August : grows in hedges : common. Eng. Bot. vol. 

 xii. pi. 816. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 210. 245. 



6. RU'BIA. MADDER. 



Calyx very small, four-toothed, superior. Corolla of one 

 petal, bell-shaped, with four or five divisions, without a tube. 

 Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla : anthers of two 

 round cells. Germen inferior, of two round lobes. Style 

 thread-shaped, cleft at the top; stigmas knobbed. Berry of 

 two smooth lobes. Seeds solitary, roundish, with a depression. 

 Named from ruber, red, to dye which one of the species is 

 used. 69. 



1. E. peregrina. Wild Madder. Leaves about four in a whorl, 

 elliptical, shining and smooth on the upper side ; flowers five-cleft. 

 Root creeping, fleshy : stem square, branched, partly remain- 

 ing during the winter : flowers yellowish- green, in compound, ter- 

 minal panicles. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in 

 thickets, and on sandy ground, in England: frequent. Said by Dr. 

 Mitchell, Linn. Corresp. vol. ii. p. 449, to be " plentiful all over the 

 sandy islands on the west of Scotland ;" but he must have mistaken 

 for it Galium verum, the root of which is similar, and also used 

 for dyeing. Eng. Bot.vol. xii. pi. 851. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 211. 246. 



7. EX'ACUM. MARSH CENTAURY. 



Calyx of one leaf, inferior, deeply divided into four equal, 

 acute segments. Corolla of one petal, permanent ; tube glo- 

 bular, as long as the calyx ; limb four-cleft. Filaments thread- 

 shaped, attached to the tube, as long as the limb ; anthers 

 roundish, two-celled. Germen oval, superior. Style thread- 

 shaped, erect, as long as the limb ; stigma knobbed. Capsule 

 filling the tube of the corolla, which remains upon it. Seeds 

 numerous, small, attached to a central receptacle. Named from 

 ex, out of, and ago, to drive, a plant to which the name was 

 applied having been supposed to expel poison. 70. 



