SIMUL1UM. 147 



the first forked towards the tip ; subanal vein undulating ; anal vein 

 straight ; axillary extending nearly to the border. Halteres distinct. 

 Abdomen nearly cylindrical, with eight segments. Legs rather stout, 

 compressed, unarmed ; hind metatarsus somewhat lengthened. Male. 

 Body generally deep black, adorned with gilded or white tomentum. 

 Eyes large, round, closely connected in front. Palpi small. AntennaB 

 inserted in the anterior front, approximate. Abdomen nearly cylin- 

 drical, slightly incurved. Hind metatarsus incrassated. Fern. Body 

 generally cinereous. Eyes of moderate size, reniform, remote. Labrum 

 lanceolate. Labium linear^ rounded and bidentate at the tip. Lingua 

 divided, elongated, contracted in the middle; apical part ciliated on 

 the outer side. Palpi longer than in the male. Antennae inserted in 

 notches of the eyes, somewhat remote. Abdomen oblong, thick, 

 straight. Hind metatarsus hardly incrassated. 



The female Simulia are frequently called Sand-flies, and in some 

 countries and districts are even more annoying and injurious 

 than the gnats or mosquitoes. They abound especially in the most 

 northern parts of Europe, and in several parts of North and South 

 America. In the Bannat the myriads of S. Colombaschense often 

 prove fatal not only to cattle but to mankind. The larva of 

 S. sericeum is aquatic, cylindrical, rather more slender in the 

 middle ; it dwells on the stems of PkeUandrium. arid of Slum ; 

 the head is distinct, and is furnished, in addition to the trophi, 

 with two short antennse, and with two flabelliform appendages ; 

 the thorax has a thick conical and retractile tubercle beneath, and 

 the tip of the abdomen has several curved appendages. The 

 pupa has on each side of the front of the thorax eight very long 

 filiform appendages ; the posterior part of its body is enclosed in 

 a semioval membranous cocoon, attached to the plants, and open 

 in front. The winged insect is developed beneath the surface of 

 the water, from which it is protected by its fine silky covering. 



a. Legs with white bands. 



b. Thorax with gilded tomentum. Species 1. 



b b. Thorax without gilded tomentum. Species 2. 

 a a. Legs without bands. 



b. Thorax with cinereous tomentum. 

 c. Thorax not striped. Species 3. 

 c c. Thorax striped. Species 4. 



b b. Thorax with hoary tomentum. Species 5. 



1. reptans, L. F. S. 1893 (1761); F.; Sclir. ; Gmel. ; Latr. ; 

 Meig. ; Fries ; Mcq. ; Dahlb. ; Zett. sericea, L. ; F. ; Gmel. ; Meig. 

 erythrocephala, D. G.forilega? L. maculata? F. argyropeza, Meig. 

 Kl. Alis limpidis, venis albis apud costam nigricantibus, halteribus lu- 

 teis, tibiis et metatarsis basi albis ; Mas, atra, capite antico albo, thorace 

 aureo-tomentosOj.lateribus fasciaque antica interrupta albis ; Fcem. nigra, 



