THE LONG SCALE OF THE ORANGE. 21 



cated upon the naked surface by a variety of Hues, some of which in- 

 close shield-shaped plates. Toward the head these plates are small and 

 more or less. triangular; upon the middle portion, to which the \fmgs 

 are attached, they are large and with rounded sides. The abdominal 

 extremity is divided into short, transverse joints. 



The head is small, and bears upon its apex a pair of rather heavy, 

 many-jointed antennae, equal to the body in length, and clothed with 

 short hairs. The rnouth-organs are wanting, but in their place are seen 

 black dots, which are said to be supplementary eyes. The true eyes 

 are also black in color, and are visible on the sides of the head. 



The front pair of legs is placed well forward, and a wide interval 

 separates it from the second 'and third pairs, which underlie the 

 abdomen. The wings are long, membranous paddles, strengthened by 

 a vein with a single branch, and supported by the aborted hind wings, 

 or balancers, as they are called. The latter are minute, and terminate 

 in a hook which grapples a pocket in the front wing. Although quite 

 large, the wings and also the legs are weak and rather imperfect organs 

 of locomotion, and the insect's powers of flight are not good. The sex- 

 ual organs, on the other hand, are well developed, and consist exter- 

 nally of a long, stout spine or style at the end of the body. 



Eggs. The eggs are elongate- oval. The first laid are white; those 

 laid later are tinged with purple. All become purple before hatching. 



Young Coccid. The newly-hatched larva is sometimes white, but usu- 

 ally more or less tinged and mottled with purple. It is oval and flat- 

 tened, and does not exceed T ^Q of an inch in length. The body is 

 divided into a number of unequal joints ; the first of these constitutes 

 the head, and bears a pair of short antenna, provided with bristles; 

 minute eyes, widely separated, on each margin, and mouth-organs be- 

 neath united to form a sucking beak. The body terminates in two 

 bristles of extreme fineness, which bend downwards, and are dragged 

 after the insect as it walks. 



Life-history. The development and formation of the scale in the 

 Diaspinse has already been described. The history of the Long Scale 

 presents few peculiarities. The newly-hatched larva wanders about for 

 a very short time. As soon as it has settled upon the bark it begins 

 to emit along its sides threads of wax. which in a few days form a white 

 film, and gradually cover the body, beginning from behind and ending 

 in front in two short, horn-like projections. Some of the threads stand 

 out from the rest ; being long and curly, they are fragile and easily 

 broken by the wind, but in calm weather they sometimes accumulate, 

 and form cottony tufts or tangles. 



This first covering is evanescent, but traces of it remain in the horn- 

 like projections on the sides of the head. 



The casting off of the larva skin, or first molt, takes place eighteen or 

 twenty days after birth, and immediately after this the formation of the 

 true scale is begun. The first layers of horn are united to the hinder 



